Шейх-Джарах

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Шейх-Джарах (англ. Sheikh Jarrah, араб. الشيخ جراح, иврит שייח' ג'ראח) - преимущественно арабский район в Иерусалиме, Израиль, по пути на гору Скопус.

Содержание 1 История 2 Консульства и дипломатические миссии 3 Транспортное сообщение 4 Имущественные споры 5 Landmarks 5.1 St John of Jerusalem Eye Hospital 5.2 St. Joseph's French Hospital 5.3 Religious sites 5.4 Shepherd Hotel 6 Примечания

История

Квартал был создан на склонах горы Скопус и назван по имени могилы Шейха Джараха.^[1] Могилаа, датируемая 1201 годом, принадлежит Хусам аль-Дину аль-Джаррахи, эмиру и врачу Салах-ад-Дина^[2][3] ("Джаррах" означает, хирург по-арабски). В XII веке он создал зауия (буквально "уголок", в смысле маленькая мечеть или школа), известную как Зауия Джарахийа^[3] ("хирургический уголок"). После его смерти его могила была расположена в школе, где ее посетил Абд аль-Гани аль-Наблуси, ученый из Дамаска, который путешествовал с группой друзей и последователей в Иерусалим в 1690 году. Они были приняты в Школе Джарахийа группой видных деятелей и духовных лидеров, которые затем сопровождали их в Старом Городе .^[4]

Могила аль-Джаррахи, известная как Завийя Джарахийя сейчас находится внутри мечети, построенной в 1895 году в квартале Шейх-Джарах, на Шхемской дороге, к северу от Старого Города и американской колонии.^[5][6] Молитва в этом месте, как говорят, приносит удачу, особенно тем, кто разводит кур.^[6]

Двухэтажное здание, в котором находится мельница, называемое Каср эль-Амауи, находилось напротив могилы с XVII века.^[7] Квартал Шейх-Джарах начал расти как ядро мусульманского города между 1870-ми и 1890-ми годами.^[7] Северная и восточная часть района состояла из более престижных мест, где имели дома некоторые знаменитые роды, например, Нашашиби.^[7] В западной части дома были меньше и проще.^[7]

Еврейский обозреватель начала XX века писал о Шейх-Джарахе:

"В последние годы целый район наших мусульманских сограждан возник к северо-востоку от нашего города, от поля у могилы Шимъона hаЦадика и далее на восток - район больших, исключительно выглядящих, чудесных, совершенно красивых домов, и никто из нашего города не обращает на это внимания, и никто не ходит туда специально, чтобы увидеть это".^[8]

По переписи населения в Османской империи 1905 года, хавийе (подокруг) Шейх-Джарах состоял из мусульманских кварталов Шейх-Джарах, Хайи эль-Хусейни, Вади эль-Джоз и Бад эз-Захира и еврейских кварталов Шимъон hаЦадик и Нахалат Шимъон.^[9] Его население состояло из 167 мусульманских семей, 97 еврейских и 6 христианских.^[9] It contained the largest concentration of Muslims outside the Old City.^[9] В 1918 году Шейх-Джарах состоял примерно из 30 домов.^[7]

Во время арабо-израильской войны 1948 года 78 евреев, в основном врачей и медсестер, были убиты на пути в больницу Хадасса , когда их конвой был атакован арабскими силамипо пути через Шейх-Джарах, главной дороге на гору Скопус. Из-за этих военных действий гора Скопус была отрезана от Западного Иерусалима.^[10]

С 1948 года он был патрулируемой ООН территорией между Западным Иерусалимом и израильским анклавом на горе Скопус. В 1956 году правительство Иордании и ООН поселили там 28 палестинских семей.^[11] Палестинские семьи были поселены в Шейх-Джарахе в качестве компенсации за их перемещение из контролируемой Израилем части Иерусалима во время войны за независимость Израиля.^[12] Как постоянная передача собственности, это было незаконно в соответствии с четвертой Женевской конвенцией, область была передана в юрисдикцию иорданского Управления вражеской собственности.^[13]

Во время Шестидневной войны 1967 года Израиль захватил Восточный Иерусалим, в том числе Шейх-Джарах. В 1972 году Комитет Сефардской общины и Комитет Израильского Собрания подали в суд иск о возвращении их собственности в районе. В 1982 году они потребовали арендную плату за эту собственность, и Верховный суд Израиля решил дело в их пользу. Жильцы могли оставаться до тех пор, пока они платили арендную плату.^[13]

Консульства и дипломатические миссии

В течение 1960-х годов район стал популярным местом размещения дипломатических миссий и консульств, в том числе: Британское консульство на ул. Нашашиби,^[14] турецкое консульство в следующем доме 20 по улице Нашашиби, the бельгийское, шведское, испанское консульства, миссия ООН на улице Святого Георгия.^[15]

Тони Блэр, посредник ближневосточного квартета, останавливается в отеле Амриканской колонии в районе, когда посещает регион.^[16]

Транспортное сообщение

Файл:Jerusalem light rail 1st demo run.jpg Главная улица района, Шоссе Наблус или Шхемская дорога (Дерех Шхем на иврите), была раньше частью шоссе номер 60; в течение 1990-х была построена новая дорога на запад района, с двумя полосами движения в каждую сторону и отдельными полосами для движения автобусов. Автобусная линия в настоящее время преобразуется в трамвайную - часть первой линии иерусалимского трамвая. Линия включает остановку возле района, которая должна быть открыта в 2011 году.^[17]

Имущественные споры

In recent years, private Jewish groups are seeking to regain possession of property in Sheikh Jarrah once owned by Jews and purchase new property. The areas in question are the Shepherd Hotel compound, the Mufti's Vineyard, the building of the el-Ma'amuniya school, the Simeon the Just/Shimon HaTzadik compound, and the Nahlat Shimon neighborhood. At the same time, foreign investors from Arab states, particularly the Persian Gulf, are seeking to purchase properties to further Palestinian interests.^[10]

Many offers have been made to families in the neighborhood to sell their property to Jewish and Saudi groups. In 2001, Israeli settlers broke into a sealed section of the al-Kurd family's house and refused to leave, claiming the property was owned by Jews.^[18] In 2008, the Jerusalem District Court ruled that the "Shimon Hatzadik" property belonged to the Sephardic Community Committee. Despite the court ruling that the Arab families had protected tenant status as long as they paid rent, several families refused to pay, ending in their eviction. The al-Kurd family was evicted on November 9, 2008, and Israeli settlers were allowed to move in, sparking a protest by the United States. Muhammad al-Kurd, the head of the family, died eleven days after the eviction. The court ruling was based upon an Ottoman-era bill of sale whose authenticity was allegedly disproved in 2009 when Turkish records showed that the building was only rented to the Jewish group and not sold.^[19] Fawzieh al-Kurd continues to protest the eviction and lives in an encampment in East Jerusalem.^{[18][19][20][21]}

On August 2, 2009, following an Israeli court decision, two Palestinian families (al-Hanoun and al-Ghawi), consisting of 53 persons, were evicted from two homes in Sheikh Jarrah. Jewish settlers moved into the houses almost immediately. The Supreme Court of Israel previously ruled that Jewish families had owned the land. The municipality of Jerusalem intends to build a block of 20 apartments in the area. The United Nations coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process, Robert H. Serry, said the evictions were "totally unacceptable actions... contrary to the provisions of the Geneva Conventions related to occupied territory. These actions heighten tensions and undermine international efforts to create conditions for fruitful negotiations to achieve peace."^[22] United States State Department spokeswoman Megan Mattson said they constitute violations of Israel's obligations under U.S.-backed "Road map for peace".^[23] Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat condemned the move, saying "Tonight, while these new settlers from abroad will be accommodating themselves and their belongings in these Palestinian houses, 19 newly homeless children will have nowhere to sleep."^[22] Yakir Segev, a member of Jerusalem's municipal council, countered the condemnations stating "This is a matter of the court. It is a civil dispute between Palestinian families and those of Israeli settlers, regarding who is the rightful owner of this property... Israeli law is the only law we are obliged to obey."^[24]

During the relevant Court sessions, lawyers for the Jewish families involved in the dispute argued that documents from the Ottoman Empire originally used to prove that a Jewish Sephardic organization had purchased the land in question in the 19th century are indeed valid, while Palestinian lawyers claimed that they had a document from Turkish archives indicating that the Jewish organization that claims to own the land only rented it, and as such was not the rightful owner.^[25] Moreover, the Palestinian families and their supporters maintained that Ottoman documents that Israel's Supreme Court had validated were in fact forgeries, and that the original ruling and therefore evictions relating to that ruling should be reversed.^[26][27] The lawyer for the Israeli families emphasized that the land deeds had been checked by many courts and found to be authentic,^[25] and indeed, the Court's decision preceding the aforementioned evictions found that the document presented by the Palestinian side is in fact a forgery, while the document proving Jewish ownership is authentic.^[28]

The ongoing dispute has prompted a weekly solidarity protest by young Jews. Noticing that settlers used Friday prayers as an occasion to mock the Palestinian holdouts, Jewish activists organized rallies in support of the Palestinians. Many Palestinians perceive the case of Sheikh Jarrah as a double standard based on ethnicity as Jews are given the right to claim property lost in the 1948 Israeli War of Independence; however, Palestinians, who lost the right to their properties located in Israel, due to Israel's Absentee Property Law, are not permitted to reclaim lands they lost in the same war. The Israeli police have declared the rallies in Sheikh Jarrah illegal.^[29]

Landmarks

St John of Jerusalem Eye Hospital

Основная статья: St John Eye Hospital Group

The St John of Jerusalem Eye Hospital is a Foundation of The Order of St John. The Hospital Group is based in Jerusalem and is the main provider of eye care in the West Bank, Gaza and East Jerusalem. Patients receive care regardless of race, religion or ability to pay.^[30]

The St John Ophthalmic Hospital opened in 1882, in its first location, in Hebron Road just south of the Old City of Jerusalem opposite Mount Zion by The Order of St John. The hospital was founded and, later, granted a Royal Charter by Queen Victoria. The decision to have this charitable enterprise be an eye hospital was made because eye disease was then, as it is now, widespread in the area and far-reaching in its consequences.^[31]

The hospital's present building in Sheikh Jarrah was opened in 1960 at Nashashibi Street.

St. Joseph's French Hospital

The St. Joseph's French Hospital is situated across the street from St John of Jerusalem Eye Hospital and is run by a French Catholic charity. It is a 73-bed hospital with three main operating theaters, coronary care unit, X-ray, laboratory facilities, and outpatient clinic. Facilities in internal medicine, surgery, neurosurgery, E.N.T., pediatric surgery and orthopedics.^[32]

Religious sites

The Jewish presence in Sheikh Jarrah centered around the tomb of Shimon HaTzadik, one of the last members of the Great Assembly, the governing body of the Jewish people after the Babylonian Exile. According to the Babylonian Talmud, Shimon HaTzadik met with Alexander the Great when the Macedonian army passed through the Land of Israel and convinced him not to destroy the Second Temple. For years Jews made pilgrimages to his tomb in Sheikh Jarrah, a practice documented in travel literature. In 1876, the cave and the adjoining land, planted with 80 ancient olive trees, were purchased by the Jews for 15,000 francs. Dozens of Jewish families built homes on the property.^[33]

Also located in Sheikh Jarrah is a medieval mosque dedicated to one the soldiers of Saladin, the Muslim sultan who wrested control of Jerusalem from the Crusaders in the 12th century. The St. George's Anglican Cathedral is situated in the neighborhood, along with an old Jewish cemetery known as the "Graves of the Kings."Шаблон:Citation needed

Shepherd Hotel

The Shepherd Hotel in Sheikh Jarrah was originally a villa built for the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem. The mufti, who never lived in it, transferred property rights to his personal secretary, George Antonius and his wife, Katy.^[34] After the death of George Antonius in 1942, the house became a meeting place for Jerusalem's elite, although Israeli citizens were not permited to live there. While living in the house, Katy Antonius had a highly-publicized affair with the commander of the British forces in Palestine, Evelyn Barker. In 1947, the Jewish underground Irgun blew up a house nearby. Antonius left the house, and a regiment of Scottish Highlanders was stationed there.^[34] After the 1948 War, it was taken over by the Jordanian authorities and turned into a pilgrim hotel. In 1985, it was bought by the American Jewish millionaire Irving Moskowitz and continued to operate as a hotel, renamed the Shefer Hotel. The Israeli border police used it as base for several years.^[34] In 2007, when Moskowitz initiated plans to build 122 apartments on the site of the hotel, the work was condemned by the British government.^[35] In 2009 the plan was modified, but was still condemned by the U.S. and U.K. governments,^[36] Permission to build 20 apartments near the hotel was given in 2009, and formal approval was announced by the Jerusalem municipality on March 23, 2010, hours before Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu met with President Barack Obama.^[37] The Haaretz reported that, "an existing structure in the area will be torn down to make room for the housing units, while the historic Shepherd Hotel will remain intact.

A three-story parking structure and an access road will also be constructed on site."^[38] The hotel was finally demolished on January 9, 2011.^[39]

Шаблон:Neighborhoods of Jerusalem

Координаты: 31°47′40.5″ с. ш. 35°13′54.75″ в. д. / 31.794583° с. ш. 35.231875° в. д. ^(G) (O)31.794583, 35.231875

Источник

• Статья "Sheikh Jarrah" в английском разделе Википедии

Примечания