Паукер, Анна
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[[Категория:Политические и государственные деятели и движения (не-еврейские) в странах диаспоры]] | [[Категория:Политические и государственные деятели и движения (не-еврейские) в странах диаспоры]] | ||
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| + | {{See also|Pauker (disambiguation)|Pauker (surname)}} | ||
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| + | {{Infobox Minister | ||
| + | | image = TIME Cover - Ana Pauker Sep. 20, 1948.jpg | ||
| + | | caption = Ana Pauker on the cover of ''[[Time Magazine]]'', 1948 | ||
| + | | honorific-prefix = | ||
| + | | name = Ana Pauker | ||
| + | | honorific-suffix = | ||
| + | | order = | ||
| + | | office = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Romania)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] | ||
| + | | term_start = 30 December 1947 | ||
| + | | term_end = 9 July 1952 | ||
| + | | president = [[Constantin Ion Parhon]] <br /> [[Petru Groza]] | ||
| + | | primeminister = [[Petru Groza]] <br /> [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej]] | ||
| + | | predecessor = [[Gheorghe Tătărescu]] | ||
| + | | successor = [[Simion Bughici]] | ||
| + | |birth_date = {{Birth date|1893|02|13}} | ||
| + | |birth_place = [[Codăeşti]], [[Vaslui County]] | ||
| + | |death_date = {{Death date and age|1960|06|14|1893|02|13}} | ||
| + | |death_place = [[Bucharest]] | ||
| + | |restingplace = | ||
| + | |restingplacecoordinates = | ||
| + | |birthname = Hannah Rabinsohn | ||
| + | |nationality = [[Romania]] | ||
| + | |party = [[Romanian Communist Party]] | ||
| + | |otherparty = [[Romanian Social Democratic Party (defunct)]] <br /> [[Socialist Party of Romania]] | ||
| + | |spouse = [[Marcel Pauker]] | ||
| + | |partner = | ||
| + | |relations = | ||
| + | |children = Tanio, Vlad, Tatiana, Masha (Marie) | ||
| + | |residence = [[Bucharest]], [[Switzerland]], [[Paris]], [[Berlin]], [[Vienna]], [[Moscow]] | ||
| + | |alma_mater = | ||
| + | |occupation = Communist activist | ||
| + | |profession = [[teacher]] | ||
| + | |cabinet = | ||
| + | |committees = | ||
| + | |portfolio = | ||
| + | |religion = [[Orthodox Judaism]] | ||
| + | |signature = | ||
| + | |signature_alt= | ||
| + | |website = | ||
| + | |footnotes = | ||
| + | |blank1 = Parents | ||
| + | |data1 = Sarah and (Tsvi-)Hersh Kaufman Rabinsohn | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | [[File:Ana Pauker (1893-1960).jpg|thumb|Ana Pauker]] | ||
| + | '''Ana Pauker''' (born '''Hannah Rabinsohn'''; February 13, 1893 – June 14, 1960) was a [[Romania]]n [[communist]] leader and served as the country's [[List of Romanian Foreign Ministers|foreign minister]] in the late 1940s and early 1950s. She was the unofficial leader of the [[Romanian Communist Party]] after [[World War II]]. | ||
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| + | == Biography == | ||
| + | === Early life and political career === | ||
| + | Pauker was born into a poor, religious [[Orthodox Jewish]] family in [[Codăeşti]], [[Vaslui County]] (the region of [[Moldavia]]). Her parents, Sarah and Hersh Kaufman Rabinsohn, had 4 surviving children; an additional two died in infancy. As a young woman, she became a teacher in a Jewish elementary school in [[Bucharest]]. While her younger brother was a [[Zionist]] and remained religious, she opted for [[Socialism]], joining the [[Romanian Social Democratic Party (defunct)|Romanian Social Democratic Party]] in 1915 and then its successor, the [[Socialist Party of Romania]], in 1916. She was active in the pro-[[Bolshevik]] faction of the group, the one that took control after the Party's Congress of May 8–12, 1921 and joined the [[Comintern]] under the name of Socialist-Communist Party (future Communist Party of Romania). She and her husband, [[Marcel Pauker]], became leading members. They were both arrested in 1923 and 1924 for their political activities and went into exile in [[Berlin]], [[Paris]], and [[Vienna]] in 1926 and 1927. In 1928, Ana Pauker moved to [[Moscow]] to enter the [[Comintern]]'s [[International Lenin School]], which trained the top functionaries of the [[Communist]] movement. There, she became closely associated with [[Dmitry Manuilsky]], the [[Government of the Soviet Union|Kremlin's]] foremost representative at the [[Comintern]] in the 1930s. <ref>Robert Levy, ''Ana Pauker: The Rise and Fall of a Jewish Communist, '' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001, ISBN 0-520-22395-0, pp. 39, 45-47.</ref> | ||
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| + | === Communist leadership position === | ||
| + | Ana Pauker went to [[France]] where she became an instructor for the [[Comintern]] and was also involved in the Communist movement elsewhere in the [[Balkans]]. She returned to Romania and was arrested in 1935, being put on trial together with other leading Communists such as [[Alexandru Moghioroş]] and [[Alexandru Drăghici]], and sentenced to ten years in prison. In May 1941 she was sent into exile to the [[Soviet Union]] in exchange for [[Ion Codreanu (parliamentary)|Ion Codreanu]], a former member of [[Sfatul Ţării]] ([[Parliament of Moldova|Parliament]] of Bessarabia that voted for [[Union of Bessarabia with Romania|Union with Romania]] on 27 March 1918) detained by the Soviets after the occupation of [[Bessarabia]] in 1940, just in time to escape the [[Romania during World War II#Romania and the Holocaust|policy of oppression and massacre of Jews]] by the regime of [[Ion Antonescu]], in alliance with [[Nazi Germany]]. In the meantime, her husband fell victim to the Soviet [[Great Purge]], in 1938. Rumors abounded that she herself had denounced him as a [[Trotskyist]] traitor; [[Comintern]] archival documents reveal, however, that she repeatedly refused to do so.<ref>Levy, pp. 64-66. Levy's findings are based on documents in the Comintern and the Romanian Communist Party archives.</ref> | ||
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| + | In [[Moscow]], she became the leader of the Romanian Communist exiles who would later become known as the ''Muscovite faction.'' She returned to Romania in 1944 when the [[Red Army]] entered the country, becoming a member of the postwar government, which came to be dominated by the Communists. In November 1947, the non-Communist [[List of Romanian Foreign Ministers|Foreign Minister]] [[Gheorghe Tătărescu]] was ousted and replaced by Pauker, making her the first woman in the modern world to hold such a post. But it was her position in the Communist Party leadership that was paramount: As a member of the 4-person Secretariat of the Central Committee and formally Number Two in the leadership, Pauker was widely believed to have been the actual leader of the Romanian Communists in all but name during the immediate postwar period. In 1948 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine featured her portrait on its cover and described her as "the most powerful woman alive".<ref name="Time48">[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,799158,00.html "A Girl Who Hated Cream Puffs"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', September 20, 1948</ref> Infamous as the "Iron Lady" of Romanian Communist politics, she was universally seen as unreservedly [[Stalinist]] and as Moscow's primary agent in Romania. | ||
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| + | Unquestionably, Ana Pauker played a pivotal role in the brutal imposition of [[Communism]] on [[Romania]]. But, at the same time, she paradoxically emerged as a force for moderation within the Romanian Communist leadership during the early postwar period. In late 1944 or early 1945, she pushed for creating a more broad-based coalition with the [[National Peasants' Party]] and the [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|National Liberal Party]], but was overruled by [[Joseph Stalin]]; hence, the Communist-led government created in March 1945 comprised a more restrictive coalition with a faction of the National Liberals led by [[Gheorghe Tătărescu]]. <ref>Levy, p. 74.</ref> The government's first year in power witnessed extensive purges and arrests of tens of thousands of [[Romanians]] who were linked to the [[Antonescu]] regime. But Pauker and [[Interior Minister]] [[Teohari Georgescu]] released all but two to three thousand of those arrested by August 1945, and offered amnesty to any member of the [[fascist]] [[Iron Guard]] who had not committed serious crimes and who would turn in his/her weapons. <ref>Levy, p. 75.</ref> Pauker also pursued what she later described as "a type of Social Democratic policy" of mass recruitment of as many as 500,000 new Communist Party members without verification--including former members of the [[Iron Guard]]. <ref>Levy, pp. 74-75.</ref> This policy would later be the subject of an attack on Pauker during her purge, and it was quickly overturned. Mass arrests would return with a vengeance beginning in 1947 (including the members of the [[National Peasants' Party]] and the [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|National Liberal Party]], as well as the amnestied [[Iron Guardists]]), and many of those who entered the party during Pauker's mass recruitment campaign would be purged between 1948 and 1950. | ||
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| + | As the regime became more Stalinist under [[Cold War]] pressures from 1947 on, Pauker increasingly took positions counter to those of the Kremlin. In 1949 she did not support the construction of the [[Danube-Black Sea Canal]], even though, according to her own testimony, Stalin had personally proposed the project.<ref>Levy, pp. 88, 286, note 158.</ref> She opposed the purging of the Romanian veterans of the [[Spanish Civil War]] and [[French Resistance]] as part of Moscow's bloc-wide campaign against [[Josip Broz Tito]], as well as Stalin's plans to have former Communist leader [[Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu]] put on trial.<ref>Levy, pp. 134-162.</ref> She supported (and helped facilitate) the emigration of roughly 100,000 Jews to Israel from the spring of 1950 to the spring of 1952, when all other Soviet satellites had shut their gates to Jewish emigration in line with Stalin's escalating "anti-Zionist" campaign.<ref>Levy, pp. 166-180.</ref> And she firmly opposed forced [[collectivization]] that was carried out on Moscow's orders in the summer of 1950 while she was in a Kremlin hospital undergoing treatment for [[breast cancer]]. Angrily condemning such coercion as "absolutely opposed to the line of our party and absolutely opposed to any serious Communist thought",<ref>Levy, pp. 108-109</ref> she allowed peasants forced into collective farms to return to private farming and effectively halted additional collectivization throughout 1951.<ref>Levy, 109-111. Gail Kligman and Katherine Verdery concur on this point: Ana Pauker, they write, "consistently fought for a gradualist strategy once the Soviets insisted that Romania collectivize [in 1948]."--Gail Kligman and Katherine Verdery, ''Peasants Under Siege: The Collectivization of Romanian Agriculture, 1949-1962,'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011, p. 105.</ref> This, as well as her support in 1947 for higher prices for agricultural products in defiance of her Soviet "advisers",<ref>Levy, pp. 91-93</ref> led to charges by Stalin that Pauker had fatefully deviated into "peasantist, non-Marxist policies".<ref>Levy, pp. 199-200.</ref><ref>Robert Levy, 'The "Right Deviation" of Ana Pauker",' ''Communist and Post-Communist Studies'' 28(2) 1995:239-254.</ref> | ||
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| + | Pauker's "Moscow faction" (so called because many of its members, like Pauker, had spent years in exile in Moscow) was opposed by the ''Prison faction'' (most of whom had spent the Fascist period, mainly under Antonescu's dictatorship, in Romanian prisons, particularly [[Doftana Prison]]). [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej]], the [[de facto]] leader of the ''Prison faction'', had supported intensified agricultural [[collectivization]],<ref>Kligman and Verdery, ''Peasants Under Siege: The Collectivization of Romanian Agriculture, 1949-1962,'' pp. 105, 201-202.</ref> pushed for [[Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu]]'s trial and execution,<ref>Vladimir Tismaneanu, ''Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism,'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003, pp. 118-119.</ref> and was a rigid Stalinist; however, he resented some strains of Soviet influence (which would become clear at the time of [[History of the Soviet Union (1953-1985)|de-Stalinization]] when, as leader of [[Communist Romania]], he was a determined opponent of [[Nikita Khrushchev]]). | ||
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| + | === Downfall === | ||
| + | Gheorghiu-Dej profited from the mounting [[anti-Semitism]] in Soviet policy and actively lobbied [[Joseph Stalin]] to take action against the Pauker faction. Dej traveled to [[Moscow]] in August 1951 to seek Stalin's approval for purging Pauker and her allies in the Secretariat ([[Vasile Luca]] and [[Teohari Georgescu]]). <ref name="Hodos">George H. Hodos, ''Show trials: Stalinist purges in Eastern Europe, 1948-1954'', Praeger, New York, 1987. p.103. ISBN 0-275-92783-0; Levy, p. 199.</ref> But archival evidence has led [[Vladimir Tismaneanu]] to conclude that "Ana Pauker's downfall did not occur merely, or even primarily, because of Gheorghiu-Dej's skillful maneuvering--as some Romanian novels published in the 1980s would have us believe--but first and foremost because of Stalin's decision to initiate a major political purge in Romania." <ref>Vladimir Tismaneanu, ''Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism,'' p. 133.</ref> Pauker, Luca and Georgescu were purged in May 1952, consolidating Gheorghiu-Dej's own grip over country and Party. | ||
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| + | Pauker was charged with "[[Rootless cosmopolitan|cosmopolitanism]]", the charge Stalin used against Jews in the Soviet Union and the [[Eastern Bloc]]. According to biographer Robert Levy,<ref>Levy, pp. 203, 219.</ref> Pauker was purged at Stalin's urging for being too soft. According to the memoirs of [[Silviu Brucan]], former Romanian ambassador to the [[United Nations]], Stalin told Gheorghiu-Dej that he had chosen him to lead Romania over Pauker, saying: | ||
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| + | :"Ana is a good, reliable comrade, but you see, she is a Jewess of [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] origin, and the party in Romania needs a leader from the ranks of the [[working class]], a true-born Romanian.… I have decided…." | ||
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| + | Pauker was arrested in February 1953 and was subjected to prolonged interrogations in preparation to be put on trial, as had occurred with [[Rudolf Slánský]] and others in the [[Prague Trials]]. After Stalin's death in March 1953 she was freed from jail and put under [[house arrest]] instead. | ||
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| + | Following the rise of [[Nikita Khrushchev]] in the Soviet Union, Pauker was recast by Romania's leaders as having been a staunch ultra-Orthodox Stalinist, even though she had opposed or had attempted to moderate a number of Stalinist policies while she was in a leadership position. Following the [[Twentieth Party Congress]] in Moscow there were fears that Khrushchev might force the Romanian Party to rehabilitate Pauker and possibly install her as Romania's new leader. | ||
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| + | In 1956, she was summoned for questioning by a high-level party commission, which insisted that she acknowledge her guilt. Again, she claimed she was innocent and demanded that she be reinstated as a party member, without success. Gheorghiu-Dej went on to [[scapegoat]] her, [[Vasile Luca]], and [[Teohari Georgescu]] for their alleged Stalinist excesses in the late 1940s and early 1950s, despite the fact that they had urged moderation against Gheorghiu-Dej's insistence on dogmatism. The period when the three were in power was marked by political persecution and the murder of opponents (such as the infamous [[brainwashing]] experiments conducted at [[Piteşti prison]] in 1949-1952). Gheorghiu-Dej, who had as much to account for, used moments like these to ensure the survival of his policies in a post-Stalinist age. | ||
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| + | During her forcible retirement, Pauker was allowed to work as a translator from [[French language|French]] and [[German language|German]] for the Editura Politică [[publishing house]]. | ||
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| + | == Family == | ||
| + | [[Marcel Pauker|Marcel]] and Ana Pauker had three children: | ||
| + | * Tanio (1921–1922); | ||
| + | * Vlad (born 1926); | ||
| + | * Tatiana (1928–2011). | ||
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| + | Vlad and Masha (Pauker's fourth child, also known as Marie was born in 1932, fathered by the Czech-Jewish Communist [[Eugen Fried]]) currently live in France. | ||
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| + | == References == | ||
| + | {{reflist}} | ||
| + | * [http://www.amazon.com/Ana-Pauker-Rise-Jewish-Communist/dp/0520223950 Robert Levy, ''Ana Pauker: The Rise and Fall of a Jewish Communist'', Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001, ISBN 0-520-22395-0] | ||
| + | * [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0411/is_4_50/ai_82469829 Book review of ''Ana Pauker: The Rise and Fall of a Jewish Communist''] | ||
| + | * [http://www.thenation.com/article/red-star-over-romania ''Red Star Over Romania''], review by Susan Brownmiller in ''The Nation.'' | ||
| + | * [http://wwics.si.edu/index.cfm?topic_id=1422&fuseaction=topics.publications&doc_id=35705&group_id=7427 ''Ana Pauker: Dilemmas of a Reluctant Stalinist''] Robert Levy on Ana Pauker. | ||
| + | * [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,809265,00.html "The Doctor's Story"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', March 25, 1957 | ||
| + | * [[Adrian Cioroianu]], ''Pe umerii lui Marx. O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc'', [[Editura Curtea Veche]], Bucharest, 2005. ISBN 973-669-175-6 | ||
| + | * [[Vladimir Tismăneanu]], ''Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism'', [[University of California Press]], Berkeley, 2003. ISBN 0-520-22395-0 | ||
| + | * Gail Kligman and Katherine Verdery, ''Peasants Under Siege: The Collectivization of Romanian Agriculture, 1949-1962,'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-691-14972-1 | ||
| + | * Un episod puţin cunoscut: Schimbarea lui Ana Pauker cu Moş Ion Codreanu, mai 1941 [A less known episode: the exchange of Ana Pauker with Ion Codreanu, May 1941], in Pontes. Review of South East European Studies (Chişinău, Moldova State University), vol. III-IV, 2009, p. 292-301. | ||
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| + | == External links == | ||
| + | * [http://www.brasov.ro/history/communist.php3 Communist Romania] article from the City of [[Braşov]] website on Romania's Communist period, including the conflicts between Pauker and Gheorghiu-Dej. | ||
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| + | {{Persondata | ||
| + | | NAME =Pauker, Ana | ||
| + | | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | ||
| + | | SHORT DESCRIPTION = | ||
| + | | DATE OF BIRTH =February 13, 1893 | ||
| + | | PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Codăeşti]], [[Vaslui County]] | ||
| + | | DATE OF DEATH =June 14, 1960 | ||
| + | | PLACE OF DEATH =[[Bucharest]] | ||
| + | }} | ||
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| + | [[Category:Romanian Comintern people]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Romanian Social Democratic Party (defunct) politicians]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Romanian communists]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Deputy Prime Ministers of Romania]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Romanian Ministers of Foreign Affairs]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Romanian people of World War II]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Romanian women in politics]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Jewish politicians]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Romanian Jews]] | ||
| + | [[Category:People from Vaslui County]] | ||
| + | [[Category:1893 births]] | ||
| + | [[Category:1960 deaths]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Romanian expatriates in the Soviet Union]] | ||
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Версия 13:15, 3 августа 2012
| Регулярная исправленная статья | |
| Анна Паукер | |
| Ana Pauker | |
| Файл:Ana Pauker (1893-1960).jpg | |
| Имя при рождении: |
Ханна Рабинсон |
|---|---|
| Дата рождения: |
13 февраля 1893 года |
| Дата смерти: |
14 июня 1960 года |
А́нна Па́укер (рум. Ana Pauker, урожд. Ханна Рабинсон (рум. Hanna Rabinsohn) 13 февраля 1893 — 14 июня 1960) — румынский политический деятель, министр иностранных дел Румынии и фактический лидер РКП в конце 1940 — начале 1950-х гг. Аллегорически изображена под именем Ганна Лихте в советском фильме «Заговор обречённых». Жена Марчела Паукера.
Отстранена от власти в 1952 г. Георге Георгиу-Дежем в результате кампании, направленной против «сионистов» и «космополитов».
А. Паукер была арестована в феврале 1953, но после смерти Сталина освобождена и помещена под домашний арест. Чтобы не допустить её возврата к власти, руководство РКП в разговорах с Хрущёвым создавало ей репутацию «твердокаменной сталинистки». Последние годы работала переводчицей французского и немецкого языков.
Ссылки
- Book review of Ana Pauker: The Rise and Fall of a Jewish Communist
- Ana Pauker: Dilemmas of a Reluctant Stalinist Robert Levy on Ana Pauker.
- Communist Romania article from the City of Braşov website on Romania’s Communist period, including the conflicts between Pauker and Gheorghiu-Dej.
Уведомление: Предварительной основой данной статьи была аналогичная статья в http://ru.wikipedia.org, на условиях CC-BY-SA, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0, которая в дальнейшем изменялась, исправлялась и редактировалась.
Уведомление: Предварительной основой данной статьи была статья ПАУКЕР Анна в ЭЕЭ
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