Фрейбергер, Мирослав Шалом

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Версия 10:43, 15 июня 2011

Dr. Miroslav Šalom Freiberger (Zagreb, 1903.-Auschwitz, 1943.) (židovski oblik imena također se piše Shalom) - posljednji ratni nadrabin Židovske općine u Zagrebu, vjeroučitelj i prevodilac, pisac i duhovni vođa, po školovanju diplomirani pravnik i doktor teoloških znanosti.

Содержание 1 Životopis 2 Izdavačka djelatnost 3 Источники и ссылки 4 Biography 5 Bibliography 6 References

Životopis

[[Datoteka:Freiberger_Molitvenik.jpg|mini|300px|desno|Prva stranica židovskog Molitvenika što ga je 1938. s hebrejskog preveo dr. Šalom M. Freiberger. Objavljen je u Zagrebu.]] U židovskoj je zajednici obavljao najprije dužnost rabina u Osijeku. Već s 34 godine postao je zagrebački nadrabin, pa je osobitu popularnost stekao među mlađim naraštajima Židova, osobito zahvaljujući svojoj komunikativnosti. U godinama koje su neposredno prethodile početku Drugog svjetskog rata sve je snažnije zagovarao cionističku ideju i povratak Židova u tadašnju Palestinu, iako je sam odlučio ostati dok još ima i jednog Židova u Zagrebu.

Osnutkom Nezavisne Države Hrvatske i početkom primjene rasnih zakona (vidi Nürnberški zakoni i Holokaust u NDH), Freiberger se zauzeo u spašavanju članova svoje zajednice. Imao je brojne veze sa židovskim organizacijama u Italiji, Mađarskoj i Švicarskoj, te izuzetno dobre odnose s Katoličkom Crkvom u Hrvatskoj, a posebice sa zagrebačkim nadbiskupom Alojzijem Stepincem. (Vidi članak Stepinac i Židovi.) Njegov tadašnji tajnik, Amiel Shomrony, dvaput je podnosio prijedlog da se Stepincu za pomoć Freibergeru i drugim Židovima dodijeli izraelsko priznanje Pravednik među narodima.

Krajem 1942. otpratio je posljednju skupinu spašenih koji su preko Budimpešte i Istambula prebačeni u novu domovinu. Među njima je, uz deset maloljetnih djevojčica i dječaka, bio i njegov šesnaestogodišnji sin Ruben.

Unatoč pokušajima nadbiskupa Stepinca da ga spasi, u proljeće 1943. Freibergera su uhitile ustaške vlasti, a Nijemci su ga s posljednjim transportom Židova iz Hrvatske prevezli u Auschwitz. Ondje je poginuo na samom ulazu, kad je prosvjedovao protiv neljudskog postupka prema članovima njegove zajednice.

Izdavačka djelatnost

Još kao rabin u Osijeku bio je zapaženi člankopisac, a članci su mu objavljivani u zagrebačkom časopisu "Židov". Posebno se bavio pitanjem ustrojstva i djelovanja židovske općine u europskoj dijaspori u razdoblju srednjeg i novog vijeka, te o tome objavljivao i radove.

Budući da se uvijek osjećao pripadnikom i židovskog naroda i hrvatske kulture, tu je svoju dvostruku pripadnost iskazivao i dvostrukim imenom.

Svoja djela iz područja duhovnosti, namijenjena prvotno židovskoj zajednici, potpisivao je kao Šalom M. Freiberger, dok je djela od šireg društvenog interesa i svjetovnog karaktera potpisivao kao Miroslav Š. Freiberger.

Uz ostalo, Miroslav Šalom Freiberger s hebrejskog je preveo i Molitvenik koji je izašao u izdanju Biblioteke Jevrejskog narodnog kalendara u Zagrebu 1938. (Reprinti izdanje: Židovska općina Zagreb, 1998.).

Шаблон:GLAVNIRASPORED:Freiberger Šalom, Miroslav

Источники и ссылки

• Статья "" в хорватском разделе Википедии
• Статья "" в английском разделе Википедии

Miroslav Šalom Freiberger (born 1904 Zagreb, Croatia, died c. Шаблон:Dts Auschwitz) was chief rabbi of Zagreb and a catechist, translator, writer and spiritual leader. He was educated as a lawyer and doctor of theology.

Biography

Freiberger's first work in the Jewish community was as a rabbi in Osijek, Slavonia. When he was 34 years old he became chief rabbi of Zagreb, where he became popular among the younger Jews, thanks especially to his communicativeness. In the years prior to the onset of World War II, he was a strong advocate of Zionism and the return of Jews to what was then the British Mandate for Palestine. However, he decided to stay in Zagreb while there was still even one Jew left there.

With the foundation of the Independent State of Croatia and the first application of racial laws, Freiberger made efforts to rescue the Jews there. He had many connections with Jewish organizations in Italy, Hungary and Switzerland, and extremely good relations with the Catholic Church in Croatia, especially with Alojzije Stepinac, Archbishop of Zagreb. Archbishop Stepinac urged Freiberger and his family to take refuge in his court until the end of the war. However, Freiberger declined the offer since he wanted to share the destiny of his people.^[1][2] At the end of 1942 he escorted the last group of rescued Jews to Budapest and Istanbul, from where they were transferred to the British Mandate for Palestine. Among them, with ten underage girls and boys, was his sixteen year old son Ruben. The group had received travel documents only after Stepinac and Vatican officials had intervened with the Croatian authories.^[3]

Despite the efforts of Archbishop Stepinac to save him, in the spring of 1943 Freiberger was arrested by the Ustasha regime, when Heinrich Himmler himself arrived in Zagreb, dissatisfied with the way the regime was "solving the Jewish question" in Croatia. Stepinac immediately sent a request for his liberation to state officials, but without success.^[2] On May 3, 1943, with the last transport of Jews from Croatia, the Nazis transported him from Zagreb Main Station to Auschwitz.^[2] He was killed at the camp entrance when he protested against the inhumane procedures inflicted on the members of his community.^[4][5]

Amiel Shomrony, Freiberger's former secretary, and Igor Primorac filed two motions to recognize Stepinac as righteous among the nations for helping Freiberger in saving the Jewish people of his community.^[2]

Bibliography

Шаблон:Unreferenced section

Even as a rabbi in Osijek, Freiberger was a noted writer, dealing especially with issues of the organization and operation of the Jewish community in the European diaspora during the middle and modern ages. His articles were published in the Jewish community magazine Jew. Since he always considered himself both a Jew and a Croat, he expressed his dual background with alternative versions of his name. His works in the field of spirituality, originally intended for the Jewish community, he signed as "Shalom M. Freiberger", while those of a wider public and secular interest he signed as "Miroslav Š. Freiberger". Among other things, Freiberger translated a prayer from Hebrew, which was released by the Jewish National Library in Zagreb 1938 and reprinted by the Jewish Community of Zagreb in 1998.

References

Шаблон:Persondata