Шейх-Джарах

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Версия 04:38, 6 марта 2011

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Sheikh Jarrah (араб. الشيخ جراح‎‎, ивр. שייח' ג'ראח‎) is a predominantly Arab neighborhood in Jerusalem, Israel, on the road to Mount Scopus.

Содержание 1 History 2 Consulates and diplomatic missions 3 Transportation 4 Property disputes 5 Landmarks 5.1 St John of Jerusalem Eye Hospital 5.2 St. Joseph's French Hospital 5.3 Religious sites 5.4 Shepherd Hotel 6 References

History

The quarter was established on the slopes of Mount Scopus and named for the tomb of a Sheikh Jarrah.^[1] The tomb, dated to 1201, belongs to Husam al-Din al-Jarrahi, an emir and physician to Saladin^[2][3] ("jarrah" means surgeon in Arabic). In the 12th century, he established a zawiya (literally "angle, corner", also meaning a small mosque or school) known as the Zawiya Jarrahiyya^[3] ("surgery zawiya"). After his death, his tomb was situated within the school, where it was visited by 'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulusi, a scholar from Damascus, who travelled with a group of friends and followers to Jerusalem in 1690. They were received at the Jarrahiyya School by a group of dignitaries and spiritual leaders, who then accompanied them into the Old City.^[4] The tomb of al-Jarrahi, which is still known as Zawiya Jarrahiyya is today situated inside a mosque that was built in 1895 in the Sheikh Jarrah Quarter, on Nablus Road, north of the Old City and the American Colony.^[5][6] Prayer at the shrine is said bring good luck, particularly for those involved in the raising of chickens and eggs.^[6]

A two-story stone building that included a flour mill, called Qasr el-Amawi, existed opposite the tomb from the 17th century.^[7] The Sheikh Jarrah quarter began to grow as a Muslim nucleus between the 1870s and 1890s.^[7] The northern and eastern parts of the neighborhood constituted a more prestigious area, where several famous families such at the Nashashibis had houses.^[7] In the western part, houses were smaller and more scattered.^[7]

A Jewish observer at the start of the 20th century wrote of Sheikh Jarrah:

"In the past years a whole neighbourhood of our Muslim fellow citizens established northeast of our city, from the field of the Tomb of Simon the Just and eastward — a neighbourhood of large excellent-looking, wonderful, perfectly beautiful houses, without anyone in our city noticing it without going there specially to see it."^[8]

At the Ottoman census of 1905, the Sheikh Jarrah nahiye (sub-district) consisted of the Muslim quarters of Sheikh Jarrah, Hayy el-Huseyni, Wadi el-Joz and Bab ez-Zahira, and the Jewish quarters of Shim'on Hatsadik and Nahalat Shim'on.^[9] Its population was counted as 167 Muslim families, 97 Jewish families, and 6 Christian families.^[9] It contained the largest concentration of Muslims outside the Old City.^[9] In 1918 the Sheikh Jarrah quarter contained about 30 houses.^[7]

During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, 78 Jews, mostly doctors and nurses, were killed on their way to Hadassah Hospital when their convoy was attacked by Arab forces as it passed through Sheikh Jarrah, the main road to Mount Scopus. In the wake of these hostilities, Mount Scopus was cut off from West Jerusalem.^[10]

From 1948, it was a UN-patrolled territory between West Jerusalem and the Israeli enclave on Mount Scopus. In 1956, the Jordanian government and the United Nations settled 28 Palestinian families there.^[11] The Palestinian families were settled into Sheikh Jarrah as a solution to their displacement from Israeli-controlled Jerusalem during the Israeli War of Independence.^[12] As permanent ownership transfer was illegal under the Fourth Geneva Convention, the area was placed under the jurisdiction of the Jordanian Custodian of Enemy Property.^[13]

During the Six-Day War of 1967, Israel captured East Jerusalem, including Sheikh Jarrah. In 1972, the Sephardic Community Committee and the Knesset Yisrael Committee went to court to reclaim their property in the neighborhood. In 1982, they demanded rent for this property and the Supreme Court of Israel ruled in their favor. The tenants were allowed to remain as long as they paid rent.^[13]

Consulates and diplomatic missions

During the 1960s, the neighborhood became a popular location for Diplomatic missions and Consulates, including: The British Consulate at 19 Nashashibi Street,^[14] the Turkish Consulate next door at 20 Nashashibi Street, the Belgian Consulate, the Swedish Consulate, the Spanish Consulate, and the UN mission at Saint George Street.^[15]

Tony Blair, the envoy of the Diplomatic Quartet, resides at the neighborhood's American Colony Hotel, when visiting the region.^[16]

Transportation

Шаблон:Jerusalem First LRT Line The neighbourhood's Main Street, Nablus Road or Derech Shchem (In Hebrew), was previously part of route 60, during the 1990s a new route was built to the west of the neighbourhood, a new dual carriageway with 2 lines in each direction and a separate bus line. The bus line is currently being converted to a Light rail route part of the first line of the Jerusalem Light Rail. The line will include a station next to the neighbourhood, which is expected to be opened at the end of 2010.^[17]

Property disputes

In recent years, private Jewish groups are seeking to regain possession of property in Sheikh Jarrah once owned by Jews and purchase new property. The areas in question are the Shepherd Hotel compound, the Mufti's Vineyard, the building of the el-Ma'amuniya school, the Simeon the Just/Shimon HaTzadik compound, and the Nahlat Shimon neighborhood. At the same time, foreign investors from Arab states, particularly the Persian Gulf, are seeking to purchase properties to further Palestinian interests.^[10]

Many offers have been made to families in the neighborhood to sell their property to Jewish and Saudi groups. In 2001, Israeli settlers broke into a sealed section of the al-Kurd family's house and refused to leave, claiming the property was owned by Jews.^[18] In 2008, the Jerusalem District Court ruled that the "Shimon Hatzadik" property belonged to the Sephardic Community Committee. Despite the court ruling that the Arab families had protected tenant status as long as they paid rent, several families refused to pay, ending in their eviction. The al-Kurd family was evicted on November 9, 2008, and Israeli settlers were allowed to move in, sparking a protest by the United States. Muhammad al-Kurd, the head of the family, died eleven days after the eviction. The court ruling was based upon an Ottoman-era bill of sale whose authenticity was allegedly disproved in 2009 when Turkish records showed that the building was only rented to the Jewish group and not sold.^[19] Fawzieh al-Kurd continues to protest the eviction and lives in an encampment in East Jerusalem.^{[18][19][20][21]}

On August 2, 2009, following an Israeli court decision, two Palestinian families (al-Hanoun and al-Ghawi), consisting of 53 persons, were evicted from two homes in Sheikh Jarrah. Jewish settlers moved into the houses almost immediately. The Supreme Court of Israel previously ruled that Jewish families had owned the land. The municipality of Jerusalem intends to build a block of 20 apartments in the area. The United Nations coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process, Robert H. Serry, said the evictions were "totally unacceptable actions... contrary to the provisions of the Geneva Conventions related to occupied territory. These actions heighten tensions and undermine international efforts to create conditions for fruitful negotiations to achieve peace."^[22] United States State Department spokeswoman Megan Mattson said they constitute violations of Israel's obligations under U.S.-backed "Road map for peace".^[23] Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat condemned the move, saying "Tonight, while these new settlers from abroad will be accommodating themselves and their belongings in these Palestinian houses, 19 newly homeless children will have nowhere to sleep."^[22] Yakir Segev, a member of Jerusalem's municipal council, countered the condemnations stating "This is a matter of the court. It is a civil dispute between Palestinian families and those of Israeli settlers, regarding who is the rightful owner of this property... Israeli law is the only law we are obliged to obey."^[24]

During the relevant Court sessions, lawyers for the Jewish families involved in the dispute argued that documents from the Ottoman Empire originally used to prove that a Jewish Sephardic organization had purchased the land in question in the 19th century are indeed valid, while Palestinian lawyers claimed that they had a document from Turkish archives indicating that the Jewish organization that claims to own the land only rented it, and as such was not the rightful owner.^[25] Moreover, the Palestinian families and their supporters maintained that Ottoman documents that Israel's Supreme Court had validated were in fact forgeries, and that the original ruling and therefore evictions relating to that ruling should be reversed.^[26][27] The lawyer for the Israeli families emphasized that the land deeds had been checked by many courts and found to be authentic,^[25] and indeed, the Court's decision preceding the aforementioned evictions found that the document presented by the Palestinian side is in fact a forgery, while the document proving Jewish ownership is authentic.^[28]

The ongoing dispute has prompted a weekly solidarity protest by young Jews. Noticing that settlers used Friday prayers as an occasion to mock the Palestinian holdouts, Jewish activists organized rallies in support of the Palestinians. Many Palestinians perceive the case of Sheikh Jarrah as a double standard based on ethnicity as Jews are given the right to claim property lost in the 1948 Israeli War of Independence; however, Palestinians, who lost the right to their properties located in Israel, due to Israel's Absentee Property Law, are not permitted to reclaim lands they lost in the same war. The Israeli police have declared the rallies in Sheikh Jarrah illegal.^[29]

Landmarks

St John of Jerusalem Eye Hospital

Основная статья: St John Eye Hospital Group

The St John of Jerusalem Eye Hospital is a Foundation of The Order of St John. The Hospital Group is based in Jerusalem and is the main provider of eye care in the West Bank, Gaza and East Jerusalem. Patients receive care regardless of race, religion or ability to pay.^[30]

The St John Ophthalmic Hospital opened in 1882, in its first location, in Hebron Road just south of the Old City of Jerusalem opposite Mount Zion by The Order of St John. The hospital was founded and, later, granted a Royal Charter by Queen Victoria. The decision to have this charitable enterprise be an eye hospital was made because eye disease was then, as it is now, widespread in the area and far-reaching in its consequences.^[31]

The hospital's present building in Sheikh Jarrah was opened in 1960 at Nashashibi Street.

St. Joseph's French Hospital

The St. Joseph's French Hospital is situated across the street from St John of Jerusalem Eye Hospital and is run by a French Catholic charity. It is a 73-bed hospital with three main operating theaters, coronary care unit, X-ray, laboratory facilities, and outpatient clinic. Facilities in internal medicine, surgery, neurosurgery, E.N.T., pediatric surgery and orthopedics.^[32]

Religious sites

The Jewish presence in Sheikh Jarrah centered around the tomb of Shimon HaTzadik, one of the last members of the Great Assembly, the governing body of the Jewish people after the Babylonian Exile. According to the Babylonian Talmud, Shimon HaTzadik met with Alexander the Great when the Macedonian army passed through the Land of Israel and convinced him not to destroy the Second Temple. For years Jews made pilgrimages to his tomb in Sheikh Jarrah, a practice documented in travel literature. In 1876, the cave and the adjoining land, planted with 80 ancient olive trees, were purchased by the Jews for 15,000 francs. Dozens of Jewish families built homes on the property.^[33]

Also located in Sheikh Jarrah is a medieval mosque dedicated to one the soldiers of Saladin, the Muslim sultan who wrested control of Jerusalem from the Crusaders in the 12th century. The St. George's Anglican Cathedral is situated in the neighborhood, along with an old Jewish cemetery known as the "Graves of the Kings."Шаблон:Citation needed

Shepherd Hotel

The Shepherd Hotel in Sheikh Jarrah was originally a villa built for the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem. The mufti, who never lived in it, transferred property rights to his personal secretary, George Antonius and his wife, Katy.^[34] After the death of George Antonius in 1942, the house became a meeting place for Jerusalem's elite, although Israeli citizens were not permited to live there. While living in the house, Katy Antonius had a highly-publicized affair with the commander of the British forces in Palestine, Evelyn Barker. In 1947, the Jewish underground Irgun blew up a house nearby. Antonius left the house, and a regiment of Scottish Highlanders was stationed there.^[34] After the 1948 War, it was taken over by the Jordanian authorities and turned into a pilgrim hotel. In 1985, it was bought by the American Jewish millionaire Irving Moskowitz and continued to operate as a hotel, renamed the Shefer Hotel. The Israeli border police used it as base for several years.^[34] In 2007, when Moskowitz initiated plans to build 122 apartments on the site of the hotel, the work was condemned by the British government.^[35] In 2009 the plan was modified, but was still condemned by the U.S. and U.K. governments,^[36] Permission to build 20 apartments near the hotel was given in 2009, and formal approval was announced by the Jerusalem municipality on March 23, 2010, hours before Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu met with President Barack Obama.^[37] The Haaretz reported that, "an existing structure in the area will be torn down to make room for the housing units, while the historic Shepherd Hotel will remain intact.

A three-story parking structure and an access road will also be constructed on site."^[38] The hotel was finally demolished on January 9, 2011.^[39]

Шаблон:Neighborhoods of Jerusalem

Координаты: 31°47′40.5″ с. ш. 35°13′54.75″ в. д. / 31.794583° с. ш. 35.231875° в. д. ^(G) (O)31.794583, 35.231875

Источник

• Статья "Sheikh Jarrah" в английском разделе Википедии

References