Объединение Эльад

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Ir David Foundation or the Elad Association (ивр. עמותת אלע"ד‎ - a Hebrew acronym for: To the City of David) is an Jerusalem-based,^[1] Israeli association which aims to strengthen the Jewish connection to Jerusalem and renew the Jewish community in the City of David, which is part of the village of Silwan.^[2] The foundation works to achieve its goals by tourism, education, archaeological excavations and obtaining homes in the area to establish a Jewish presence.^[3]

История возникновения

"Ir David" - or the City of David is beyond the southern edge of Jerusalem's Temple Mount and Old City, with the Tyropoeon Valley on its west, the Hinnom valley to the south, and the Kidron Valley on the east.^[4] Modern settlement on the ridge began in the City of David began in 1873-1874, when the Meyuchas family, a Jewish rabbinical and merchant family that had lived in Jerusalem since their expulsion from Spain, moved a short distance outside the city walls to a house in the area.^[5] With the outbreak of 1936 riots Jewish were force out of the area and the Jewish property seized by Arabs.

The foundation was founded in 1986 by David Be’ery a former deputy commander of Duvdevan Unit, with the intention to purchase the former Meyuchas family home and other properties in the city.^[6] In 1986 they were granted the authority to work on behalf of the Jewish National Fund to reclaim land in the area.^[7] Elad for a long time was refusing to provide the names of its funders and when they did they request successfully that the names be kept under privilege.^[8]

In 1997 the organisation was sued by the Israeli state for damaging archaeological remains and for building on a historic site without a permit, and the Israel Antiquities Authority urged against handing over upkeep and control of the archaeological sites to the organisation.^[9] In 1998 a proposed contract to do this was annulled. However, in 2002 the contract was re-enacted, this time without opposition from the IAA, and from that time the organisation has had responsibility for the preservation and maintenance of the City of David national park.

While the archeological sites are clearly from at least the second temple period, there is no clear evidence of the presence of King David or Solomon at the site. However, much of the narrative in Samuel and Kings I is consistent with the archeologic discoveries, including the water shaft through which David's troops are described scaling when they entered the city and captured it from the Jebushites. The oldest archeologic finds to date are clay document seals or bullae, containing the names of Gedaliah ben Pashur and Yehuchal ben Shelemayahu. Both names appear in the Book of Jeremiah (38:1). The two men were ministers in the court of King Zedekiah, the last king to rule in Jerusalem before the destruction of the First Temple

Деятельность

Туризм

To expand tourist activity, the foundation created a massive marketing campaign which led to a sharp increase in the number of visitors in recent years. In 2001 the foundation had only 25,000 visitors, but 250,000 in 2006 and 350,000 in 2007.^[10] In a program called "Ancient Jerusalem", they bring visitors to the three sites of biblical Jerusalem, the City of David, Armon Hanatziv and the Mount of Olives.^[11]

Образование

Ir David invests considerable resources in education and strengthening ties to Jerusalem, and increase knowledge of and research in ancient Jerusalem. In association with the IDF, the Western Wall Heritage Foundation and Yad Ben Zvi the foundation gives day tours of Jerusalem to soldiers, with an emphasis on sites connected to Jewish and Zionist. The association operates weekends and seminars on leadership and Zionism among the officers, held at various tourist sites in the City of David. The association also works in conjunction with Bnei Akiva, a religious Zionist youth movement, giving visitors educational tours.

In 2001, the foundation established the Migdalim Institute dedicated to expanding knowledge of Jerusalem in the fields of history, archeology and the Bible. The Institute teaches academics both in Israel and internationally with courses, seminars and tours. Every year the Institute hosts the 'City of David Research Conference', where excavators and researchers present the latest innovations in the study of Jerusalem. Migdalim Institute also publishes various books and publications in areas relevant to historical researchers.

Археологические раскопки

Ir David foundation is funding most archaeological excavations conducted in recent years the City of David and surrounding areas. All the excavations are conducted by the Antiquities Authority, or with their approval. Among the many excavation sites the association found in 2005 the "true" Pool of Siloam 200 meter from of another "Pool of Siloam" which was a fifth century reconstruction ^[12] and the road that connected the spring to the Temple.^[7] The pool was used as Mikveh for ritual purification performed before visiting the temple.^[13]

In 1999 unauthorized construction on the temple mount by the Waqf resulted in trucks fulls of dirt filled with archaeological artifacts being dumped in Emek Tzurim. Bar Ilan University with funding by the Ir David foundation and the National Parks Authority, organized the Temple Mount Antiquities Salvage Operation where volunteers and professionals recover these artifacts. Thousands of artifacts have been recovered including 3,500 ancient coins.^[14][15]

In December 2008 excavations funded by the foundation found a large hoard of over 250 gold coins, dated to around the seventh century near the end of the Byzantine period.^[16] A clay seal bearing the name of Gedaliah son of Pashhur was also found. This was especially interesting as his name is explicitly mentioned in the bible (Book of Jeremiah (38:1)).^[17] The Foundation also funded excavation of a house the archaeologists suspect belonged to Helena of Adiabene,^[18] a fourth century mansion,^[4][19] and an ancient water tunnel.^[20][21]

Покупки жилья

Ir David purchases houses in Silwan and rents them to Jewish families. The foundation points out that some of the houses in Silwan were originally owned by Jews before the establishment of the state, representing the Jewish settlement of Kfar Shiloah, established for immigrants from Yemen in the late 19th century. With the outbreak of 1936 riots Jewish settlement in the city of David was eradicated, Jewish property looted, and the houses seized by Arabs, some of whom live in these homes today.^[22] As of 2009, 75 Jewish families live in properties owned by the Association.

The Ir David foundation acquires property in the city of David and surroundings in one of four ways:

• Locating assets belonging to Jews in the city of David and seeking legal action to return them to the original owner.^[23]
• Buying properties declared absentee property. According to Haaretz Elad took control over properties making a very dubious use of the Israeli 'Absentees Property Law'^[24]
• Persuading Arab resident to voluntarily sell their homes to Jews.^[23]
• Construction of new neighbourhoods in the area.

Critics accuse the foundation of methodically squeezing Arabs out to "Judaicize" the city.^[24] The foundation points out that all of its actions are legal.^[23]

October 9, 2010 the chairman of the Elad Association, David Be'eri was filmed as two Arab children ran into his car while teens were throwing stones at his car. Two youths were mildly injured and had to be hospitalized. Be'eri was taken in for questioning by police and later released on bail. He is still under investigation.^[25]

Основные археологические находки

• Large Hoard of Hundreds Of Antique Gold Coins
• Gedaliah Ben Pashchur Seal

Источники и ссылки

• Статья "Ir David Foundation" в английской части Википедии
• Ir David Official Site
• The Story Behind the Tourist Site Critique of Elad by the Silwan Information Center local protest group
• Archaeologist petition for control of the investigations to be taken away from Elad
• Digging for Trouble, Journeyman Pictures, via YouTube

Примечания