Якобовиц, Иммануэль

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{{Персона
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|имя              = Лорд Имануэль Якубовиц
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|оригинал имени  = The Lord Immanuel Jakobovits
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|портрет          = Immanuel Jakobovits.jpg
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|размер          = 220px
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|описание        = раввин Имануэль Якубовиц
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|имя при рождении =
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|род деятельности = Раввин; главный раввин Великобритании; главный раввин Ирландии
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|дата рождения    = 08.02.1921
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|место рождения  = [[Кёнигсберг]], Германия
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|гражданство      = Великобритания
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|подданство      =
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|дата смерти      = 31.10.1999
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|место смерти    = [[Лондон]], Великобритания
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'''Якобовиц, Иммануэль''', лорд (Jakobovits, Lord Immanuel; 8 февраля 1921, Кёнигсберг, ныне Калининград, – 31 октября 1999, Лондон), английский [[Раввин|раввин]]. Был главным раввином Объединённых еврейских конгрегаций Великобритании с 1967 по 1991 год.
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== Биография ==
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Его отец, Юлиус Якобовиц, был [[раввин]]ом [[ортодокс]]альной общины [[Кёнигсберг]]а, а впоследствии — [[Даян|даяном]] в [[Берлин]]е и [[Лондон]]е.
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Якобовиц учился в Джуз колледж и в [[Иешива|иешиве]] «Эц Хаим» (Лондон). В 1949 г. был избран главным раввином Дублина и еврейских общин [[Ирландия|Ирландской республики]]). В 1958–66 гг. был [[раввин]]ом синагоги в [[Нью-Йорк|Нью-Йорке]] (на Пятой авеню).
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В 1966 г. был назначен главным раввином Объединенных еврейских конгрегаций Британского Содружества наций. На этом посту снискал большой авторитет, в том числе и в высших кругах английского общества. В 1981 г. он получил дворянство, а в 1988 г. стал членом палаты лордов — первым из духовных лиц нехристианского вероисповедания удостоен этой чести.
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Якобовиц не боялся подчас занимать позицию, расходившуюся со взглядами большинства членов еврейской общины Великобритании. Так, одним из первых он выступил в защиту идеи мирного урегулирования [[Арабо-израильский конфликт|арабо-израильского конфликта]], не пользовавшейся в то время всеобщим признанием.
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== Труды ==
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* ''Jewish Medical Ethics'' («Еврейская медицинская этика», нормативный труд) (1959/1975)
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* ''Jewish Law Faces Modern Problems'' («Еврейский закон и современные проблемы») (1965)
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* ''Journal of a Rabbi'' («Дневник раввина») (1966)
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* ''The Timely and The Timeless: Jews, Judaism and Society in a Storm-tossed Decade'' (1977)
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* ''If Only My People: Zionism in My Life'' (1984)
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* ''Dear Chief Rabbi: From the Correspondence of Chief Rabbi Immanuel Jakobovits on Matters of Jewish Law, Ethics and Contemporary Issues, 1980—1990'' (1995)
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* ''Lord Jakobovits in Conversation'' (2000)
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== См. также: ==
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* [[Ирландия - еврейская община]]
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== Источники и ссылки ==
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* КЕЭ, том 10, кол. 926
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Jakobovits,_Baron_Jakobovits Статья "Immanuel Jakobovits, Baron Jakobovits" в английском разделе Википедии]
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* [[Chaim Bermant|Bermant, Chaim]]. ''Lord Jakobovits; the Authorized Biography of the Chief Rabbi''. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, Limit 1990. ISBN 0-297-81142-8.
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* Jakobovits, Immanuel. ''Jewish medical ethics : a comparative and historical study of the Jewish religious attitude to medicine and its practice.'' New York : Bloch Pub. Co., 1959 and 1962.
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* __________. ''Dear Chief Rabbi: from the correspondence of Chief Rabbi Immanuel Jakobovits on matters of Jewish law, ethics, and contemporary issues, 1980-1990''. Hoboken, N.J. : KTAV Pub. House, 1995. This volume of rabbinic [[responsa]] was edited by Jeffrey M. Cohen.
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* Jakobovits, Immanuel. ''Journal of a Rabbi.'' NY: Living Books, 1966.
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* {{cite book |author=Young, Hugo |title=One of us: a biography of Margaret Thatcher |publisher=Macmillan |year=1991 |isbn=0-333-56585-1}}
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* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,258871,00.html Obituary, ''The Guardian'', 1 Nov 1999]
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== Примечания ==
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<references/>
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<!-- {{start box}}
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{{succession box|title=[[Chief rabbi#Ireland|Chief Rabbi of Ireland]]|before=[[Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog]]||after=[[Isaac Cohen]]<br></b><small></small>|years=1949&ndash;1958}}
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{{succession box | before = Sir [[Israel Brodie]] | title = [[Chief Rabbi]] of [[Great Britain]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] | years = 1966&ndash;1991 | after =  [[Jonathan Sacks|Lord Sacks]]}}
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{{end box}} -->
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{{ElevenCopyRight|15204|ЯКОБОВИЦ Иммануэль}}
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[[Категория:Евреи в Европе]]
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[[Category:Персоналии:Иудаизм]]
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[[Category:Похороненные в Иерусалиме]]
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==Biography==
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Jakobovits was born in [[Königsberg]], [[East Prussia]], [[Germany]] (now [[Kaliningrad]], [[Russia]]), where his father Julius (Yoel) was a community rabbi. The family moved to [[Berlin]] in the 1920s, where his father became rabbinical judge on the ''[[beth din|Beth Din]]'' of the Grossgemeinde, but fled the country in 1938 in time to escape [[Nazism|Nazi]] persecutions. In the [[United Kingdom]] he completed his higher education, including a period at the [[Etz Chaim Yeshiva (London)|Etz Chaim Yeshiva]] in London, studying under and receiving [[semicha]] from the renowned Rabbis [[Elya Lopian]], [[Leib Gurwicz]] and [[Nachman Shlomo Greenspan]].<ref>Shashar, Michael, Lord Jakobovits in Conversation, First Edition, Vallentine Mitchell, 2000, ISBN 0-85303-377-3</ref> He also studied in [[Jews' College]] and the [[University of London]].
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He married Amélie Munk of [[Paris]], the daughter of a prominent rabbi, who would support his community work throughout his life.<ref name=obit>[http://www.chiefrabbi.org/articles/other/jacobtimes.html Obituary]</ref> They had six children. Lady Jakobovits died in May 2010, and was buried alongside her husband, on Jerusalem's Mount of Olives.
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His first position was as rabbi of the [[Brondesbury]] [[synagogue]]. In 1949, at the relatively young age of 27, he was appointed Chief Rabbi of the declining Jewish community of [[Ireland]]. This was to be a stepping stone towards a greater rabbinical career, and in 1958 he assumed the rabbinate of [[Hermann Merkin]]'s [[Fifth Avenue Synagogue]] in [[New York]], a position he held until 1966, when he was called to the Chief Rabbinate of the [[United Hebrew Congregation]] of the British Commonwealth. He held this position until his retirement in 1991.
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He was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] on 22 July 1981<ref>{{LondonGazette |issue=48700 |date=
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13 August 1981 |startpage= 10262}}</ref> and was created a [[life peer]] in 1988, as '''Baron Jakobovits''', of Regent's Park in Greater London,<ref>{{LondonGazette |issue=51237 |date=
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13 August 1981 |startpage= 1537}}</ref> becoming the first rabbi to receive this honour. In 1987 he was given a [[Lambeth degree|Lambeth]] [[DD]] by the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], the first Jew to receive such a degree. In 1991 he received the [[Templeton Prize]] for Progress in Religion.
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In the [[House of Lords]] he became known as a campaigner for traditional morality. Lord Jakobovits aroused considerable controversy<ref name=ellison>Ellison, George T. H. and Goodman, Alan H.  ''The Nature of Difference: Science, Society, and Human Biology''. 2006, page 106.</ref>  when, after the discovery of a possible genetic explanation for [[homosexuality]], he suggested that he saw no "moral objection for using genetic engineering to limit this particular trend".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/the-gay-gene-is-back-on-the-scene-1536770.html | work=The Independent | location=London | title=The 'gay gene' is back on the scene | first=Steve | last=Connor | date=1 November 1995 | accessdate=5 May 2010}}</ref> While he did not advocate abortion, he did describe homosexuality as "a grave departure from the natural norm which we are charged to overcome like any other affliction"; if there were genetic explanations for homosexuality, "the errant gene" should be "removed or repaired" in order to prevent the "disability".<ref name=ellison />
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Lord Jakobovits died of a [[cerebral haemorrhage]] on the 31 October 1999, and was buried on the [[Mount of Olives]] in [[Jerusalem]].
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==Other functions==
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Rabbi Jakobovits was also the president of the [[Conference of European Rabbis]], in which capacity he worked on standardising and regulating [[Ger tzedek|religious conversion]] to [[Judaism]].
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==Ideas and philosophy==
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Jakobovits was a firm adherent of the "German-Jewish" ''[[Torah im Derech Eretz]]'' philosophy, having a broad knowledge of religious subjects as well as secular culture and philosophy. This made him a unique spokesperson for [[Orthodox Judaism]], as he was able to transmit ideas to a wide audience which would otherwise not have achieved dissemination.
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Rabbi Jakobovits was the most prominent figure in 20th century Jewish [[medical ethics]], a subdiscipline in [[applied ethics]] which he virtually created, and a pioneer in religious [[bioethics]]. His speciality was the interaction between medical ethics and ''[[halakha]]''. Thanks to his academic training in Ireland, Rabbi Jakobovits approached his comprehensive volume, ''Jewish Medical Ethics'', in light of [[Roman Catholic]] [[medical ethics]], with which he often compares Jewish ethics. Whether developing or disputing his analysis, subsequent Jewish [[Bioethics#List of notable bioethicists|bioethicists]] have utilized his work on [[abortion]], [[euthanasia]], the history of Jewish medical ethics, [[palliative care]], treatment of the sick, and  professional duties. Likewise, he is credited with popularizing the claim that Judaism supports the nearly absolute [[sanctity of life]].
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His political stance was conservative, and he was particularly close to [[Margaret Thatcher]]. When a [[Church of England]] report titled ''[[Faith in the City]]'' was published in December 1985 criticising Mrs. Thatcher's policies, Jakobovits responded by attacking its underlying philosophy.<ref name=obit/> Jakobovits argued that work rather than welfare should be the overriding aim of government policy: "Cheap labour is better than a free dole".<ref name=Young>(Young, 1991) p.423-4</ref> More controversially, Jakobovits contended that inner-city black people should learn from Jewish experiences in America. There, he argued, Jews had worked themselves out of poverty, educated themselves, integrated into the host culture and nurtured a "trust in and respect for the police, realising that our security as a minority depended on law and order being maintained".<ref name="Young"/> Jakobovits also took a conservative view on trade unions, criticised "Faith in the City" for not mentioning the role of [[trade unions]], arguing that "The selfishness of workers in attempting to secure better conditions at the cost of rising unemployment and immense public misery can be just as morally indefensible as the rapaciousness of the wealthy in exploiting the working class".<ref name="Young"/>
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Within Judaism, he held mildly [[Zionism|Zionistic]] views. He maintained that sooner or later Israel would need to negotiate the territory it conquered during the [[Six Day War]]; which made him a controversial figure, as he mentioned these views publicly.
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[[Category:Раввины по странам]]
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[[Category:Иудаизм в Великобритании]]
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Текущая версия на 01:52, 31 мая 2013

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