|
|
| (8 промежуточных версий не показаны.) |
| Строка 1: |
Строка 1: |
| - | {{Остатье
| + | #redirect [[:ej:Двадцатый конвой]] |
| - | | ТИП СТАТЬИ = 1
| + | |
| - | | АВТОР1 = Л.Гроервейдл
| + | |
| - | | АВТОР2 =
| + | |
| - | | АВТОР3 =
| + | |
| - | | СУПЕРВАЙЗЕР =
| + | |
| - | | ПРОЕКТ =
| + | |
| - | | ПОДТЕМА =
| + | |
| - | | КАЧЕСТВО =
| + | |
| - | | УРОВЕНЬ =
| + | |
| - | | ДАТА СОЗДАНИЯ =12.06.2012
| + | |
| - | | ВИКИПЕДИЯ =
| + | |
| - | | НЕОДНОЗНАЧНОСТЬ =
| + | |
| - | }}
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | [[Image:Statue 20th convoy.jpg|thumb|right|175px|Вторая из статуй, поставленных в память об операции Сопротивления против "Двадцатого конвоя", вывозившего евреев из Бельгии. Фото 29.08.2005.]] | + | |
| - | [[Image:Statue 20th convoy 2.jpg|thumb|right|175px|Фото 29.08.2005.]]
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | <!--
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | '''Transport 20''' (XXth convoy) was a [[Jews|Jewish]] prisoner transport in [[Belgium]] organized by the [[Nazi Germany]] during [[World War II]]. Members of the [[Belgian Resistance]] freed Jewish and [[Romani people|Gypsy]] civilians who were being transported by train from the [[Mechelen transit camp|Dossin Barracks]] located in [[Mechelen]], Belgium to the [[Auschwitz]] concentration camp. This rescue of Jews being transported was unique in the European history of [[the Holocaust]].
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | ==Background==
| + | |
| - | In 1940, nearly 70,000 [[Jew]]s were living in Belgium. Of these, 46 percent were deported from the former [[Mechelen transit camp]], while a further 5,034 people were deported via the [[Drancy internment camp]] (close to [[Paris]]). The [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]] (RSHA) in [[Berlin]] was responsible for organizing the transport and the chief of the Dossin Barracks (sammellager) prepared the paper convoy list in triplicate. One copy was for the police officer in charge of security during the transport, the second for the ''sammellager'' in Mechelen and the third for the BSD-department located in [[Brussels]]. Because all the copies for the Dossin Barracks were preserved, historians have been able to trace and map all the German transports of Belgian Jews to the [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s. From the summer of 1942 until 1944, twenty-eight transports left Belgium to bring 25,257 Jews and 351 [[Romani people|Roma]] (gypsies) to eastern Europe. Their destination was often Auschwitz. On April 19, 1943, the twentieth transport left with 1631 Jewish men, women and children, heading for [[Germany]]. For the first time, the third-class wagons were replaced by freight wagons with barbed wire covering the small windows. Also, a special wagon, Sonderwagen, was added with 19 Jews (18 men and one women) consisting of resistance members and "jumpers" from previous transports. These "special list" prisoners were marked in the back of their clothes with a cross painted in red, in order to kill them immediately on arrival at Auschwitz. Eventually, three prisoners escaped from the wagon; a fourth was shot.
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | ==The rescue==
| + | |
| - | Three young students and members of the Belgian resistance a Jewish doctor, Youra Livschitz and his two non-Jewish friends Robert Maistriau and Jean Franklemon, armed with one pistol, a lantern and red paper to create a makeshift red lantern (to use as a danger signal), were able to stop the train on the track Mechelen-[[Leuven]], between the municipalities of [[Boortmeerbeek]] and [[Haacht]]. The twentieth convoy was guarded by one officer and fifteen men from the [[Sicherheitspolizei]], who came from Germany. Despite this security measure, Maistriau was able to open one wagon and liberate 17 people. Many other escaped from the convoy without any connection with the attack. In all, 231 people escaped: 90 Jews who were recaptured and put on another convoy, 26 others who were killed, and 115 who succeeded in escaping. The youngest (Simon Gronowski) was only 11 years old. Regine Krochmal, an eighteen-year-old nurse with the resistance, also escaped after she cut the wooden bars put in front of the train air inlet with a breadknife and jumped from the train near Haacht. Both survived World War II.
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | ==Direction Auschwitz==
| + | |
| - | On April 22, 1943, the train arrived at Auschwitz. During the selection, only 521 ID numbers are assigned. Of these 521, only 150 people survived the war. The remaining 1,031 people disappeared in the Holocaust. Based on a [[telegram]] dated April 29, 1943 from [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]] to E. Ehlers, [[Schutzstaffel|SS]]-[[Obersturmbannführer]] and Chief of the Belgian [[Sicherheitspolizei]] (Sipo-[[Sicherheitsdienst|SD]]), historians assume that at the time of the arrival of the twentieth convoy at Auschwitz, some problems existed. The rumours of the ''[[Endlösung]]'' created some revolt against the Germans.
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | ==Aftermath==
| + | |
| - | The twentieth convoy was an exceptionally large convoy and was the first transport to use freight cars with doors fenced with barbed-wire. The previous transports used 3rd class wagons on which it was easy to escape through the windows. After the twentieth convoy, each convoy was reinforced with a German reserve company (based in Brussels) until it reached the German border.
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | In remembrance of the action of the resistance, a statue was inaugurated in 1993 near the train station of Boortmeerbeek. It remembers the Holocaust and the transport of 25,257 Jews, (including 5,093 children) and 352 Roma over the railway track Mechelen-Leuven to the concentration camps. Only 1,205 persons returned home alive.
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | -->
| + | |
| - | == Источники и ссылки ==
| + | |
| - | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_convoy Статья "Twentieth convoy" в английском разделе Википедии]
| + | |
| - | * [http://users.telenet.be/holocaust.bmb/eng/porten.htm Survivors of Transport Twenty]
| + | |
| - | * [http://users.pandora.be/holocaust.bmb Historical explanation of XXth Convoy (English language selection possible)]
| + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | [[Category:Холокост в Бельгии]]
| + | |
| - | [[Category:Евреи в Европе]]
| + | |
| - | [[Category:История евреев по странам]]
| + | |
| - | [[Category:Антифашисты]]
| + | |
| - | [[Category:Спасение евреев в Холокост]]
| + | |
