Ирвинг Берлин

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{{Музыкант
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| Имя = И́рвинг Бе́рлин
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| Подпись = Irving Berlin
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| Фото = Irving Berlin NYWTS.jpg
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| Описание_фото =
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| Полное_имя = Израиль Моисеевич Бейлин
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| Дата_рождения = {{ДатаРождения|11|05|1888}}
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| Место_рождения = [[Тюмень]]
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| Дата_смерти = {{ДатаСмерти|22|09|1989}} (101 год)
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| Место_смерти = [[Нью-Йорк]]
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| Страна = США
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| Профессии = композитор
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'''Ирвинг Берлин''' ({{lang-en|Irving Berlin}}; наст. имя ''Израиль Исидор Бейлин'', ''Израиль Моисеевич Бейлин''<ref>[http://www.ellisisland.org/search/passRecord.asp?pID=102838061126 Passenger Record for Israel Beilin]</ref>; 11 мая 1888, Тюмень, Российская империя — 22 сентября 1989, [[США]]) — американский композитор, который написал более 900 песен, 19 мюзиклов и музыку к 18 кинофильмам, в том числе знаменитую песню ''«God Bless America» ("Боже, благослови Америку")'', считается одним из величайших композиторов в американской истории..
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== Биография ==
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Считается, что Ирвинг Берлин родился в Тюмени - ''одном из местечек в районе [[Могилёв]]а'', [[Белоруссия]]<ref>Не путать с сибирским городом!</ref><ref>[http://www.sem40.ru/ourpeople/famous/17769/ Центральный Еврейский Ресурс]</ref><ref>[http://usa-test.ur.ru/ru/uslinks U.S. Virtual Consulate Tyumen]</ref><ref>[http://www.sem40.ru/famous2/m1424.shtml ''Сиротин А.'' Еврей из Тюмени - гордость Америки]</ref><ref>[http://www.jewish.ru/news/culture/2004/05/prn_news994201436.php Jewish.ru]</ref> в семье Моисея и Леи Бейлиных. В то же время в своих интервью 1930-1940 годов И. Берлин рассказывал, что появился на свет в [[Могилёв]]е. Но когда [[Спилберг, Стивен|Стивен Спилберг]] в 1980-х годах задумал снимать фильм о Берлине и встречался по этому поводу с композитором, тот неожиданно поведал, что на самом деле он родом из [[Тобольск]]а.<ref>[http://www.radiorus.ru/issue.html?iid=160600&rid= "Мюзик-холл": американская музыка - это он.]</ref>
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=== Жизнь в Белоруссии ===
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Его отец был [[хазан]]ом в [[Синагога|синагоге]]. Берлин вспоминал впоследствии, как их дом на его глазах сгорел дотла, подожжённый погромщиками.<ref name=Bergreen>Bergreen, Laurence. ''As Thousands Cheer'', Viking Penguin, 1990</ref>{{rp|10}}<ref name=Whitcomb>Whitcomb, Ian. ''Irving Berlin and Ragtime America'', Limelight Editions (1988)</ref>{{rp|19}}
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Вскоре после рождения будущего композитора семья переехала в белорусский [[Толочин]]. Уже оттуда Бейлины нелегально бежали через границу и через порт [[Антверпен]] на корабле "Rhynland" отправились в [[Нью-Йорк]], США,<ref name=Whitcomb/>{{rp|14}} куда прибыли 14 сентября 1893 года.
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=== Поселение в Нью-Йорке ===
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В конце концов они остановились на Черри-стрит, в "холодной сырой подвальной квартире без окон",<ref name=Whitcomb/> в районе Нижнего Ист-Сайда (''Lower East-Side''). Его отец не смог найти место [[кантор]]а в [[Нью-Йорк]]е, устроился на работу в [[кошерный]] мясной магазин и преподавал [[иврит]] на стороне, чтобы содержать семью. Он умер несколько лет спустя, когда Ирвингу было тринадцать лет.
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Проучившись в школе лишь два года, Ирвинг счел необходимым выйти на улицы, чтобы поддержать свою семью.<ref name=NYT-obit>[http://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/23/obituaries/irving-berlin-nation-s-songwriter-dies.html?scp=2&sq=Irving%20Berlin%20dies&st=cse&pagewanted=2 “Irving Berlin, Nation's Songwriter, Dies”] ''New York Times'', September 23, 1989</ref>
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=== Первые работы ===
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[[File:Irving Berlin 1906.jpg|thumb|Берлин на своей первой работе с музыкальным издательством в возрасте 18 лет]]
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Он стал посыльным в лавке, потом торговал газетами вразнос в районе Бауэри. В первый день работы он засмотрелся на корабль в порту и был сбит в реку портовым краном. С третьей попытки его вытащили из воды, сжимающего в кулаке пять центов - первый заработок для семьи.<ref name=NYT-obit/><ref name=Woollcott>Woollcott, Alexander. ''The Story of Irving Berlin'', Da Capo Press, 1983</ref> Мать стала работать акушеркой, три его сестры работали на упаковке сигар, а его старший брат работал в потогонной швейной мастерской.<ref name="Bergreen"/> {{rp|11}}
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На улицах "Иззи" постоянно слышал песни из-за дверей салунов и ресторанов. Он обнаружил, что если петь при продаже газет, то можно получить ещё немного денег. Он захотел устроиться в салун "поющим официантом".<ref name=Furia-Poets>Furia, Philip. ''The Poets of Tin Pan Alley'',  Oxford Univ. Press (1992)</ref>{{rp|48}}
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Ещё до четырнадцати лет он ушёл из дому, чтобы не быть в тягость семье, и стал жить в ночлежках Бауэри.<ref name=Bergreen/>{{rp|15}} Там он изучил в совершенстве английский язык и местную музыкальную традицию. С компанией таких же мальчишек он ходил по салунам и пел баллады, услышанные на улице. Репертуар выбирался такой, который нравился сидящей там публике.<ref name=Bergreen/>{{rp|17}} Постепенно он начал использовать песни, услышанные в мюзик-холле. В 1906 году он получил место "поющего официанта" в кафе. Подавая напитки, он пел похабные пародии (своего сочинения) на популярные песни, что нравилось посетителям.
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Исполнение песен в американском народном стиле, особенно песни ''Джорджа Коэхана'' "Янки дудл бой" ("Yankee Doodle Boy") вызывали восхищение страшноватой публики в баре.<ref name=Whitcomb/>{{rp|26}}
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В свободное время он самостоятельно научился играть на пианино.<ref name=Hamm>Hamm, Charles. ''Irving Berlin: Songs from the Melting Pot'', Oxford Univ. Press, 1997</ref>
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Правда, не до конца: он не умел менять ключи, и позднее заказал специальное пианино со сменными ключами.<ref>[http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object.cfm?key=35&objkey=59 Transposing Upright Piano]. [[National Museum of American History]].</ref>
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В баре, по ночам он садился к инструменту и подбирал мелодии.<ref name=NYT-obit/>
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По заказу хозяина кафе 18-летний официант написал свою первую песню, «Мэри из солнечной Италии» в соавторстве с пианистом Майклом Николсоном. Гонорар автора составил 37 центов.<ref>[http://www.vilavi.ru/pes/230808/230808.shtml Супер-пупер, или Всё в шоколаде.]</ref> В 1907 году будущий композитор захотел впервые издать песню, а наборщики в типографии по небрежности исказили имя заказчика. Благодаря этой ошибке композитор вошёл в историю под фамилией '''Берлин'''.<ref name=Freedland>Freedland, Michael.  'Irving Berlin', Stein and Day, 1974</ref> Правда, история умалчивает о причине превращения имени Израиль в Ирвинг.
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=== Признание в качестве композитора ===
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Макс Уинслоу<ref>[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F5091FF73B5C16738DDDA00894DE405B8288F1D3&scp=1&sq=Max%20Winslow&st=cse "Max Winslow Dead", New York Times, June 9, 1942]</ref> (1883-1942), сотрудник музыкального издательства Гарри фон Тильзера, слышал пение Берлина много раз и так увлёкся его талантом, что постарался дать ему работу в своей фирме. Он уговорил фон Тильзера попробовать написать песни в сотрудничестве с Берлиным.<ref name=Hamm/>{{rp|viii}}
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В 1908 году в возрасте 20 лет Берлин получил новую работу в салуне в районе Юнион-Сквер (Нью-Йорк). Там он был в состоянии сотрудничать с другими молодыми композиторами, такими как Эдгар Лесли, [[Снайдер, Тед|Тед Снайдер]], Ал Рьянтадоси и Джордж А. Уайтинг, а в 1909 году, в год премьеры пьесы [[Зангвилл, Израэл|Израэла Зангвилла]] ''Тигель'', он получил место штатного поэта в ''Тед Снайдер компани''.
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=== Творчество ===
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Американский композитор [[Керн, Джером|Джером Керн]] заявил:
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{{quote|Говорить о месте Ирвинга Берлина в истории американской музыки невозможно, ибо он сам — эта история!<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/10/arts/pop-view-irving-berlin-s-american-landscape.html?scp=1&sq=Irving%20Berlin's%20American%20landscape&st=cse "Pop View; Irving Berlin's American Landscape" New York Times, May 10, 1987]</ref>}}
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Композитор [[Гершвин, Джордж|Джордж Гершвин]] назвал его "величайшим песенным композитором, который когда-либо жил",<ref>Wyatt, Robert; Johnson, John A. The George Gershwin Reader, Oxford Univ. Press (2004)</ref>
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Влияние И. Берлина на создание американской песни вполне сравнимо с влиянием [[Исаак Дунаевский|Исаака Дунаевского]] на создание советской песни. Он писал музыку и тексты в американском народном стиле.
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За свою жизнь И. Берлин создал полторы тысячи песен (из которых 50 считаются хитами), написал музыку для 19 театральных постановок и 15 фильмов. Его песни 25 раз занимали первые места в хит-парадах, их исполняли самые знаменитые певцы Америки.
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[[Image:Berlin1911.jpg|thumb|upright|Радость первого успеха - 1911 год]]
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==== До 1920 года ====
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Первое признание композитору принесла песня «Александр рэгтайм бенд» (1911).
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Первоначально песня "не пошла", но затем она была вставлена в бродвейский мюзикл и была названа музыкльной сенсацией десятилетия.<ref name=Bergreen/>{{rp|68}} [[Гершвин, Джордж|Джордж Гершвин]] назвал её первым настоящим американским музыкальным произведением, указывающим дорогу всем американским композиторам.<ref name=Gershwin/>{{rp|117}} Эта песня продержалась в первой десятке хит-парадов почти полвека.<ref name=Corliss>Corliss, Richard. [http://www.time.com/time/sampler/article/0,8599,189846,00.html "That Old Christmas Feeling: Irving America: Richard Corliss remembers Irving Berlin" ''TIME'' Magazine. December 24, 2001]</ref> Песня обладала чётким танцевальным ритмом<ref name=Bergreen/>{{rp|69}} и  вызвала "танцевальное безумие" во всей Европе, вплоть до России, где регтайм танцевали на балах высшей аристократии.<ref name=Hamm/>{{rp|ix}}<ref name=Whitcomb/>{{rp|183}} Консерваторы даже увидели в увлечении регтаймом общественную опасность и обвиняли эту музыку в насаждении сумасшествия и склонности к преступлениям.<ref name=Leopold>Leopold, David. ''Irving Berlin's Show Business'', Harry Abrams (2005)</ref>{{rp|23}}
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В 1914 году Берлин написал регтайм-ревью "Watch Your Step". Песни с простыми синкопированными мелодиями в ритме рэгтайма стали новым шагом для всей мировой музыки того времени.<ref name=Furia-Poets/> Берлин умело применял в своих мелодиях все музыкальные жанры, от польки до баллад и оперных арий.<ref name=Whitcomb/>{{rp|173}}
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[[Image:Berlin-Jolson27.JPG|thumb|upright|left|С Элом Джонсоном, звездой ''Джазового певца'', 1927 год]]
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В последующие годы он сделал все возможное, чтобы писать тексты в американском народном стиле: просто и прямо, в расчёте на простых американцев.<ref name=NYT-obit/>
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В 1912 году он женился на Дороти Гетц. Она умерла через полгода от тифа во время их медового месяца в Гаване. Песню, которую он написал, чтобы выразить свое горе "Когда я потерял тебя» была его первой балладой. Она немедленно стала популярным хитом, и было продано более миллиона копий...<ref name=NYT-obit/>
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Он понял, что рэгтайм требует особых текстов, и начал изменять свой стихотворный стиль, сочиняя песни о любви. Он использовал этническую музыку всех групп населения Америки.<ref name=Furia-Poets/> В 1915 году он написал хит "Я люблю фортепиано" - эротическую, смешную, нелепую песню о любви.<ref>[http://www.sing365.com/music/lyric.nsf/I-Love-A-Piano-lyrics-Irving-Berlin/61706587FB23D96F48256970000E8508 (Read lyrics)]</ref>
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К 1918 году он написал сотни песен, в основном на актуальные темы, которые пользовались краткосрочной популярностью. Многие песни были для появившихся тогда новых танцев.<ref name=Furia-Poets/>{{rp|53}}
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Одним из ключевых песен, которые написал Берлин на переходе от рэгтайма к лирическим балладм была "Красивая девушка похожа на мелодию" (1919), который считался одним из главных произведений Берлина. Впоследствии она вошла в фильм, снятый в 1936 году.<ref>[http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x3ick8_a-pretty-girl-is-like-a-melody-the_shortfilms (Watch)]</ref><ref name=Furia-Poets/>{{rp|53}}
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После вступления США в [[Первая мировая война|Первую мировую войну]] президент призвал всех забыть об этнических корнях и быть прежде всего американцами. Берлин включился в культурно-пропагандистскую работу и стал писать песни в духе указаний президента: "Let's All Be Americans Now."<ref name=Whitcomb/>{{rp|197}} Его призвали в армию и поручили делать то же самое: писать патриотические песни. Он написал музыкальное ревью "Ип Ип Япанк" ("Yip Yip Yaphank"). Оно было поставлено на Бродвее, где играл сам Берлин. Доходы от представлений (всего $150,000) шли в пользу военного лагеря. Сержант Берлин и участники представления получили благодарность о командования.<ref name=Whitcomb/>{{rp|199}}<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=34m5SPPZXQc Watch]</ref>
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Одна из песен не пошла в шоу, так как не попадала в его юмористический тон. Через двадцать лет она пришлась ко времени. Берлин с трудом разыскал песню и изменил в ней несколько фраз. Это была "Боже, благослови Америку" ("God Bless America").<ref name=Corliss/><ref name=Smith/>
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=== С 1920 по 1940 ===
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В 1921 году Берлин создал совместно с Сэмом Харрисом театр "Музыкальная шкатулка", где ставил образцовое шоу, отрабатывая все детали - музыку, тексты, состав участников, костюмы, декорации.<ref name=NYT-Dreaming>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9806E2D71430F930A15751C1A9639C8B63 "Dreaming of Irving Berlin In the Season That He Owned"] ''New York Times'', December 23, 2005</ref> Здание театра на 45-й Западной улице, 239 было спциально построено для музыкальных спектаклей Берлина. Сейчас там в фойе работает выставка, посвящённая ему.<ref>Leopold, David. ''Irving Berlin's Show Business: Broadway—Hollywood—America'', Harry N. Abrams, 2005</ref>
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В эти годы Берлин написал множество хитов. Среди них "Что же мне делать?", "Помни", "Всегда", "Синие небеса" и "Все одинокие".<ref name=Life/> Эти песни продолжали быть популярны и через двадцать лет в исполнении новых звёзд.<ref Name=Corliss/>
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==== "Боже, благослови Америку" ====
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[[Image:Pentagon Memorial dedication 2008 Crowd.jpg|thumb|Пение "Боже, благослови Америку" у Мемориала преданности в Пентагоне 11 сентября 2008 года]]
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Фразу "Боже, благослови Америку" Берлин слышал от своей матери.<ref>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-47901569.html "Irving Berlin's 'God Bless America'"], UPI, November 2, 2001</ref><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=150hLZPeYqg Финальная сцена спектакля, вкоторой звучит "Боже, благослови Америку"]</ref><ref name=Economist89>"Hand on heart. (Irving Berlin)." ''The Economist'' , September 30, 1989</ref>
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Впервые песня прозвучала по радио вечером 11 ноября 1938 года, на праздновании двадцатилетия окончания [[Первая мировая война|Первой мировой войны]]. А уже через 7 месяцев во время исполнения песни на День Поминовения в [[Бруклин]]е собравшиеся встали и сняли шляпы, как при исполнении национального гимна. В том же 1939 году Кейт Смит спела «God Bless America» на Всемирной выставке в [[Нью-Йорк]]е. К этому времени было продано свыше 400 тысяч экземпляров песни.
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Песня «Боже, благослови Америку» вошла в патриотический мюзикл «Это армия». Посмотрев мюзикл в феврале 1944 года, генерал [[Эйзенхауэр, Дуайт Дэвид|Эйзенхауэр]] настоял на том, чтобы спектакль показывали на всех фронтах. В итоге за полтора года мюзикл увидели 2,5 млн. зрителей по всему американскому театру военных действий.
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Права на песню и все доходы (на ней заработано шесть миллионов долларов) Берлин подарил скаутской организации «New York City Scouts Youth Organization» со словами:
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{{quote|На патриотизме зарабатывать нельзя.}}<ref name=Corliss/><ref name="Smith">[http://www.tomsmithbigband.com/swing-music-history.html "Swing Music History"]. Retrieved January 12, 2010.</ref>
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<!--
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On the afternoon of [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], U.S. senators and congressmen stood on the capitol steps and sang it after the terrorist attacks on the [[World Trade Center]]. Two nights later, when Broadway turned its lights back on, the casts of numerous shows led theatergoers in renditions of the same song.
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Richard Corliss notes that the next day, at an official requiem at the [[National Cathedral]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], it was played by the [[U.S. Army]] Orchestra. The following Monday, to mark the reopening of the [[New York Stock Exchange]], New York Governor [[George Pataki]] and Mayor [[Rudolph Giuliani]] joined traders in singing it. That evening, as major league baseball games resumed around the country it replaced "Take Me Out to the Ballgame" as the theme song of the seventh-inning stretch. Over the following weeks, everyone—[[Celine Dion]], [[Marc Anthony]], [[New York City Police Department]] officer [[Daniel Rodriguez]], the whole country—sang "[[God Bless America]]".<ref name=Corliss/>
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Describing the mood at the time and the significance of the song, Corliss wrote in ''Time'' magazine that December:
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<blockquote>In times of crisis, the nation loses its short-term cultural memory—puts aside idiot movie comics, suicidal rock lyrics, must-see reality TV and the pursuit of the moral triviality that is [[Gary Condit]]—and, like a senior citizen finding solace in the distant past, rekindles that old feeling. In pop culture, at least for a while, many Americans traded in cool pop culture for warm, sarcasm for sentiment, alienation for community. In the blink of a national tragedy, we went from jaded to nice, just like that.<ref name=Corliss/></blockquote>
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The popularity of the song, when it was first introduced in 1938, was also related to its release near the end of the [[Great Depression|Depression]], which had gone on for nine years. As a result, one writer concludes that the song's introduction at that time "enshrines a strain of official patriotism intertwined with a religious faith that runs deep in the American psyche. Patriotic razzle-dazzle, sophisticated melancholy and humble sentiments: Berlin songs span the emotional terrain of America with a thoroughness that others may have equaled but none have surpassed."<ref name=NYT-87>[http://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/10/arts/pop-view-irving-berlin-s-american-landscape.html?scp=1&sq=Irving%20Berlin's%20American%20landscape&st=cse "Pop View; Irving Berlin's American Landscape"] ''New York Times'', May 10, 1987</ref>
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The song has also been adopted by various sports teams over the years.  The [[Philadelphia Flyers]] hockey team started playing it before crucial contests and won some 80% of those games—including all three when [[Kate Smith]] arrived to sing it in person. "Many credited Smith for lifting the crowd and the team to new heights," notes columnist John Bacon. When the 1980 [[Ice hockey at the Olympic Games|U.S. Olympic hockey team]] pulled off the "greatest upset in sports history," referred to as the "[[Miracle on Ice]]", the players spontaneously broke into a chorus—not of "The Star Spangled Banner," but "God Bless America,"<ref>Bacon, John U., [http://annarborchronicle.com/2010/02/19/column-oh-say-can-you-see-a-new-anthem/ "Oh, Say Can You See a New Anthem?"] ''Ann Arbor Chronicle'', February 20, 2010</ref> with [[ESPN]] TV noting, "Americans were overcome by patriotism."<ref>[http://espn.go.com/classic/s/miracle_ice_1980.html "College kids perform Olympic miracle"] ESPN TV network</ref>
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Во второй половине дня [[терактов 11 сентября | 11 сентября 2001]], американские сенаторы и конгрессмены, стоял на ступенях Капитолия и спел ее после террористических атак на [[Всемирного торгового центра.]] Спустя два дня, когда Бродвей обратил огни снова, слепки многочисленные шоу привело зрителей в выдач и ту же песню.
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Ричард Корлисс отмечает, что на следующий день, на официальной панихиды в [[Национальный кафедральный собор]] в [[Вашингтон]], он играл [[США Армии]] оркестра. В следующий понедельник, чтобы отметить открытие [[Нью-Йоркской фондовой бирже]], губернатор Нью-Йорка [[Джордж Патаки]] и мэр [[Рудольф Джулиани]] присоединились торговцы в ее петь. В тот вечер, как основной игры бейсбольной лиги возобновились по всей стране, он заменил "Take Me Out для игры в мяч", как песня из седьмого иннинга натяжкой. В течение следующих недель, все-[[Селин Дион]], [[Марк Энтони]], [[Нью-Йорк Департамент полиции]] офицер [[Daniel Rodriguez]], вся страна пела-"[[Боже, благослови Америку] ] ". <ref name=Corliss/>
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Характеризуя настроения в то время, и значение этой песни, Корлисс написала во время'''' журнала, что в декабре:
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<blockquote> Во времена кризиса, страна теряет свои краткосрочные культурной памяти откладывает идиот кино комиксы, суицидальные тексты рок, обязательно посмотреть реалити-шоу и стремление к моральной тривиальности это [[Гэри Кондит]] и , как пенсионер находя утешение в далеком прошлом, зажигает, что старые чувства. В поп-культуре, по крайней мере на некоторое время, многие американцы торгуются в прохладном поп-культуры за теплый, сарказм для настроения, отчуждения общества. В мгновение национальной трагедии, мы вышли из пресыщенных в Ниццу, просто так. <ref Name=Corliss/> </ BLOCKQUOTE>
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Популярность песни, когда она была впервые представлена ​​в 1938 году, был также связан с его выпуска в конце [[Великая Депрессия | Депрессия]], которые продолжались в течение девяти лет. В результате, один автор делает вывод, что введение песни в то время "закрепляет штамм официальный патриотизм переплетается с религиозной верой, которая работает в глубине американской психики Отечественной кутеж, сложные тоску и скромное настроения. Берлине песни охватывают эмоциональное ландшафта Америки с тщательностью, что и другие, возможно, составил, но никто не превзошел. "<ссылка "Поп-View, американский пейзаж Ирвинга Берлина"]'' Нью-Йорк Таймс'', 10 мая 1987 </ ссылка>
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Песня также была принята различными спортивными командами на протяжении многих лет. [[Филадельфия]] хоккейной команды начали играть перед важным конкурсах и выиграли около 80% из тех игр, в том числе все три года, когда [[Кейт Смит]] пришел, чтобы петь его в лицо. «Многие приписывают Смиту для подъема толпы и команда на новую высоту", отмечает обозреватель Джон Бэкон. Когда в 1980 году [[хоккею на Олимпийских играх | США Олимпийский хоккейной команды]] снял "величайшей расстройство в истории спорта", называют "[[Чудо на льду]]", игроки спонтанно ворвались в хоре, а не из «Звездное знамя», но «Бог Благослови Америку "<ref> Бэкон, Джон У., [http://annarborchronicle.com/2010/02/19/column-oh-say-can-you-see-a-new-anthem/" О, скажи Можете ли вы увидеть новый гимн? "]'' Анн-Арбор хроники'', 20 февраля 2010 </ ссылка> с [[ESPN]] ТВ, отметив," американцы были побеждены патриотизм ". <ref> [http:// espn.go.com/classic/s/miracle_ice_1980.html "Колледж дети выполняют олимпийского чуда"] ESPN TV сети </ ссылка>
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-->
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==== Другие песни ====
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Также среди наиболее известных произведений Берлина — песня «Puttin' on the Ritz» (1929), которую называют неофициальным гимном Голливуда, и «The White Christmas» ("Белое Рождество") — один из культовых символов рождественских праздников в Америке.
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Песня «White Christmas» дебютировала в 1942 году в фильме «Отель на праздники» («Holiday Inn») в исполнении Бинга Кросби. Поначалу песня не произвела впечатления. Но затем её стали петь американские солдаты, сражающиеся за рубежом на полях [[Вторая мировая война|Второй мировой войны]]. Песня выражала их тоску по дому и родным. Уже будучи глубоким стариком, Берлин услышал «White Christmas» в исполнении [[Пресли, Элвис|Элвиса Пресли]] и пришёл в ужас. «White Christmas» вошла в Книгу рекордов Гиннесса как самая продаваемая песня XX века: продано более 30 миллионов пластинок.<ref>[http://a-pesni.golosa.info/drugije/a-narodp.htm ''Клигман Л.'' «Народные» песни и их создатели.]</ref><ref>[http://www.lebed.com/2001/art2535.htm ''Вергасов Ф.'' Джазовая импровизация.]</ref>
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Рождению своего первого ребёнка автор американского гимна посвятил «Русскую колыбельную» (Russian Lullaby), которая была признана лучшей песней 1927 года.
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=== Смерть ===
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Ирвинг Берлин умер во сне 22 сентября 1989 года. Его зять известил об этом прессу, и когда его спросили, умер ли Берлин от какой-либо болезни, он ответил: «Нет, ему был 101 год, он просто уснул».
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=== Память и наследие ===
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Незадолго перед этим покинувший пост президента США [[Рейган, Рональд Уилсон|Рональд Рейган]], которому Берлин когда-то советовал подумать о карьере артиста, прислал на смерть композитора соболезнование. А действующий президент [[Буш, Джордж Герберт Уокер|Джордж Буш-старший]] на похоронной церемонии в [[Бостон]]е возглавил траурную колонну, певшую «God Bless America», а затем выступил с речью, в которой назвал И. Берлина «легендарным человеком, чьи слова и музыка будут помогать пониманию истории нашего народа».<ref>[http://www.vestnik.com/issues/2000/1205/win/nekhamkin.htm ''Нехамкин Э.'' Пять песен Ирвинга Берлина.]</ref>
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По мотивам жизни Ирвинга Берлина, символизирующей собой воплощение «американской мечты», в 1986 году снят мультфильм «Американский хвост» (An American Tail), продюсером которого выступил [[Спилберг, Стивен|Стивен Спилберг]].
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== Награды и почести ==
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* Получил армейскую медаль за заслуги 2 октября 1945 от генерала Джорджа К. Маршалла по указанию президента [[Трумен, Гарри|Гарри Трумэна]], за написание музыки и текстов спектакля "Это армия".
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* Премия ''Tony'' в 1951 году за лучшую музыку к мюзиклу ''Call Me Мадам''.
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* Получил специальную Золотую медаль Конгресса в 1954 году от президента [[Эйзенхауэр, Дуайт|Дуайта Эйзенхауэр]] за создание песни "God Bless America". Берлин также написал три песни для его избирательной кампании, в том числе "I Like Ike».
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* Получил специальную премию ''Tony'' (Нью-Йорк) в 1963 году за вклад в американский мюзикл.
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* Премия ''Грэмми'' за заслуги в 1968 году.
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* Помещён в Зал славы сочинителей в 1970 году.
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* Награждён Президентской медалью Свободы в 1977 году президентом [[Форд, Джеральд (старший)|Джеральдом Фордом]]
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* Получил премию ''Tony'' ''Лоуренса Лангнера'' (Нью-Йорк) в 1978 году за выдающуюся жизнь в американском театре.
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* Награжден (заочно) Медалью Свободы в ходе празднования столетия Статуи Свободы в 1986 году.
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* Празднование столетнего юбилея - концерт в пользу ''Карнеги-Холла'' и ''ASCAP'' 11 мая 1988 года.
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* Отмечен звездой на Голливудской аллее славы.
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== Музыкальные произведения ==
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Приведенный ниже список включает в себя основные производения Берлина. Хотя некоторые из пьес, где звучат его песни были позже переделаны в сценарии к фильмам, список не будет включать в себя фильм, если он не был основным композитором.<ref name=Bergreen/>
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=== Произведения ===
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{{col-begin}}
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{{col-break}}
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*"Watch Your Step" (1914)
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*"Stop! Look! Listen!" (1915)
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*"The Century Girl" (1916)
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*"Yip Yip Yaphank" (1918)
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*"Ziegfeld Follies" (1919)
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*"Music Box Revue" (1921)
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*"Music Box Revue" (1922)
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*"Music Box Revue" (1923)
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*"Music Box Revue" (1924)
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{{col-break}}
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*"The Cocoanuts" (1925)
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*"Face the Music" (1932)
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*"As Thousands Cheer" (1933)
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*"Louisiana Purchase" (1940)
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*"This Is the Army" (1942)
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*"Annie Get Your Gun" (1946)
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*"Miss Liberty" (1949)
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*"Call Me Madam" (1950)
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*"Mr. President" (1962)
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{{col-end}}
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=== Список фильмов ===
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{{col-begin}}
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{{col-break}}
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*''The Cocoanuts'' (1929)
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*''Puttin' on the Ritz'' (1930)
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*''Top Hat'' (1935)
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*''Follow the Fleet'' (1936)
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*''On the Avenue'' (1937)
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*''Carefree'' (1938)
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*''Alexander's Ragtime Band'' (1938)
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*''Second Fiddle'' (1939)
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{{col-break}}
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*''Holiday Inn'' (1942)
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*''This Is the Army'' (1943)
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*''Easter Parade'' (1948)
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*''Annie Get Your Gun'' (1950)
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*''Call Me Madam'' (1953)
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*''There's No Business Like Show Business'' (1954)
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*''White Christmas'' (1954)
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{{col-end}}
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== Списки песен ==
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_850_Irving_Berlin_songs List of 850 Irving Berlin songs]
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=== Записи ===
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* [http://www.amazon.com/gp/recsradio/radio/B00000HZEP?refTagSuffix=dp_img "Irving Berlin In Hollywood (Film Score Anthology)"] Song clips
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* [http://www.amazon.com/gp/recsradio/radio/B00000477K?refTagSuffix=dp_img "Irving Berlin Always"] Song clips
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* [http://www.amazon.com/gp/recsradio/radio/B00000470P?refTagSuffix=dp_img "Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Irving Berlin Songbook"] Song clips
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* [http://www.amazon.com/gp/recsradio/radio/B000002648?refTagSuffix=dp_img "Irving Berlin: A Hundred Years"] Song clips
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* [http://www.amazon.com/gp/recsradio/radio/B000001HKL?refTagSuffix=dp_img "The Melody Lingers On: 25 Songs Of Irving Berlin"] Song clips
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* [http://www.amazon.com/gp/recsradio/radio/B00004ZDYZ?refTagSuffix=dp_img "Annie Get Your Gun" (film)] score samples
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* [http://www.amazon.com/gp/recsradio/radio/B00004VVZX?refTagSuffix=dp_img "Annie Get Your Gun (Broadway play)] song samples
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfQ3f46DcO4&feature=related "How Deep is the Ocean"—Frank Sinatra]
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQD4uRZ51ng "What'll I Do?"—Harry Nilsson]
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* [http://www.loc.gov/jukebox/recordings/detail/id/3521 The International Rag at the Library of Congress Jukebox]
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=== Видеозаписи ===
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5UsQslkZQg "Ordway Center Spotlight on Irving Berlin"] Presentation by [[James Rocco]], V.P. [[Ordway Center for the Performing Arts|Performing Arts]], 8 min.
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydibzweY6Fc Kaye Ballard Tribute 8 min.]
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LH5tSDBH5gs 1982 Oscars Tribute part 2 videos 7 min.]
+
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09Gj7mJbPPc "God Bless America"—sung by Kate Smith];
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6LSarhZpnMs sung by Celine Dion];
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4x4uRUQF9bo&NR=1&feature=fvwp with Irving Berlin]
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1j5wzMJoaI "Always" Frank Sinatra at Irving Berlin's 100th birthday celebration]
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q77wqDDUDsc "Easter Parade" movie trailer]
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JY7Hh5PzELo "Annie Get Your Gun" "Anything You Can Do"];
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EGxihHkK9MM "Col. Buffalo Bill"]
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9TLosFQFtWU "Alexander's Ragtime Band" movie trailer]
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8hTLZz2hUOA "Follow the Fleet", Fred Astaire on piano]
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3FpsaBqF4sU "A Cheer for the Navy"];
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=150hLZPeYqg Finale scene from "This is the Army"]
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TnfKmNRfLYU "Let's Face The Music And Dance"] with Nat King Cole;
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=18No22_j_bM version] by Diana Krall
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSCplj40uuY&feature=player_embedded#! "Blue Skies" Willie Nelson];
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Djd1XfwDAQs Al Jolson in "The Jazz Singer" 1927]
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vbMpecOKoDY "Top Hat" movie trailer]
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HYHZh-xnqhE "Cheek to Cheek"] with Fred Astaire & Ginger Rogers
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d1KQAHPsAdY "There's No Business Like Show Business"] movie trailer (1954); 
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xg7ooDfP0uo Song clip]
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jmxrqnwiwbg "Shakin' the Blues Away" with—Doris Day]
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAPasm6a9YM&feature=related "White Christmas" movie trailer]—[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FaEoaaBG51g "White Christmas" Broadway promo]
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DM7rNNzO7uw "Play a Simple Melody" by Greater Boston Intergenerational Chorus]
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_ZTPgugIB8 "I've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm" with Dick Powell & Alice Faye]; [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ebmUpTCtJXE version with] Frank Sinatra
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hrzo5SPaOvg "A Couple of Swells" with Judy Garland & Fred Astaire]
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eLh-m1Z_feY "Always" with Frank Sinatra slide show]
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BIZW3F5Z6XE "Russian Lullaby" (written 1927) with Jacques Gauthe & jazz group]
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFabjc6mFk4 "Puttin' on the Ritz" with Fred Astaire];
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* [http://www.youtube.com/user/BachScholar#p/search/0/w4UpUkDH_7A played by Cory Hall];
+
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* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8GzLb1ve0uQ piano solo with Jim Hession]
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== Источники и ссылки ==
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Berlin Статья "Irving Berlin" в английском разделе Википедии]
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* [http://www.ellisisland.org/genealogy/ellis_island_famous_arrivals.asp Исторический архив, Элис-Айленд]{{ref-en}}
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* [http://www.rusnetusa.com/reference/showart.asp?idref=482 Russian Network USA]
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* [http://eisenhower.archives.gov/Research/Finding_Aids/B.html Papers of Irving Berlin, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library]
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* [http://www.ibdb.com/person.php?id=6452 Irving Berlin at the Internet Broadway Database]
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* [http://www.lortel.org/LLA_archive/index.cfm?search_by=people&first=Irving&last=Berlin&middle= Irving Berlin at the Internet Off-Broadway Database]
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* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000927/ Irving Berlin at the Internet Movie Database]
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* [http://www.irvingberlin.com/ Irving Berlin Music Company]
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* [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/shows/songbook/multimedia/bio_berlin.html PBS page on Irving Berlin], part of their ''[[Great Performances]]'' series
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* [http://www.straightdope.com/columns/060728.html If Irving Berlin could not read or write music, how did he compose?] (from ''[[The Straight Dope]]'')
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* [http://www.newworldrecords.org/liner_notes/80238.pdf  Liner notes for ''The Vintage Irving Berlin'', New World Records NW 238]
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* [http://catnyp.nypl.org/record=b7113133 Irving Berlin collection of non-commercial sound recordings], at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
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* [http://www.judy-garland.org/ep/index.html The Judy Room "Easter Parade" section]
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* [http://ncohistory.com/files/RemarkableSgts.pdf Remarkable Sergeants: Ten Vignettes of Noteworthy NCOs] Elder, Daniel K.
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* [http://www.armymwr.com/portal/recreation/entertainment/armysoldiershow U.S. Army Soldier Show]
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* [http://www.5thavenue.org/showsandtickets/content/bio-irvingberlin.aspx Irving Berlin | 5th Avenue Theatre]
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* [http://www.broadwayworld.com/tonyawardssearch.cfm Tony Awards]
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* [http://songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C3 Songwriters Hall of Fame—Irving Berlin]
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* [http://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Berlin,_Irving Free scores by Irving Berlin at the International Music Score Library Project]
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== Литература ==
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* {{cite book | author = Barrett, Mary Ellin | title = Irving Berlin: A Daughter's Memoir | year = 1994 | isbn = 0-671-72533-5}}
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* David Carson Berry (2001). “Gambling with Chromaticism? Extra-Diatonic Melodic Expression in the Songs of Irving Berlin,” ''Theory and Practice'' 26, 21–85.
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* David Carson Berry (1999). “Dynamic Introductions: The Affective Role of Melodic Ascent and Other Linear Devices in Selected Song Verses of Irving Berlin,” ''Intégral'' 13, 1–62.
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*{{cite book | author = Hischak, Thomas S. | title = Word Crazy, Broadway Lyricists from Cohan to Sondheim | year = 1991 | isbn = 0-275-93849-2}}
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* {{cite book | author = Rosen, Jody |title = White Christmas: The Story of an American Song | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-743-21875-2 }}
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== Примечания ==
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{{Commonscat|Irving Berlin}}
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{{reflist|2}}
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[[Категория:Персоналии по алфавиту]]
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[[Категория:Евреи в США/Канаде]]
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[[Категория:Еврейские музыканты]]
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{{WikiCopyRight}}
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{{checked_final}}
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<!--
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====Other songs====
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Though most of his works for the Broadway stage took the form of revues—collections of songs with no unifying plot—he did write a number of book shows. ''[[The Cocoanuts]]'' (1925) was a light comedy with a cast featuring, among others, the [[Marx Brothers]]. ''[[Face the Music (musical)|Face the Music]]'' (1932) was a political satire with a book by [[Moss Hart]], and [[Louisiana Purchase]] (1940) was a satire of a Southern politician obviously based on the exploits of [[Huey Long]]. ''[[As Thousands Cheer]]'' (1933) was a revue, also with book by Moss Hart, with a theme: each number was presented as an item in a newspaper, some of them touching on issues of the day. The show yielded a succession of hit songs, including "[[Easter Parade (song)|Easter Parade]]" sung by Marilyn Miller and William Gaxton, "[[Heat Wave (song)|Heat Wave]]" (presented as the weather forecast), "Harlem on My Mind", and "[[Supper Time]]", a song about racial bigotry that was sung by [[Ethel Waters]].
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===1941 to 1962===
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====World War II patriotism—"This is the Army" (1943)====
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[[Image:Berlin-ship1944.jpg|thumb|Singing aboard [[USS Arkansas (BB-33)|USS Arkansas]], 1944]]
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When the U.S. joined [[World War II]] after the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] in De with [[ESPN]] TV noting, cember 1941, Berlin immediately began composing a number of patriotic songs. Treasury Secretary [[Henry Morgenthau, Jr.|Henry Morgenthau]] requested a song to inspire Americans to buy [[war bond]]s, for which he wrote "Any Bonds Today?" He assigned all royalties to the [[United States Treasury Department]]. He then wrote songs for various government agencies and likewise assigned all profits to them: "Angels of Mercy" for the [[American Red Cross]]; "Arms for the Love of America," for the [[Army Ordnance Department]]; and "I Paid My Taxes Today," again to Treasury.<ref name=Corliss/>
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But his most notable and valuable contribution to the war effort was a stage show he wrote called "[[This is the Army]]". It was taken to [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] and then on to [[Washington, D.C.]] (where President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] attended). It was eventually shown at military bases throughout the world, including [[London]], North Africa, Italy, Middle East, and Pacific countries, sometimes in close proximity to battle zones. Berlin wrote nearly three dozen songs for the show which contained a cast of 300 men. He supervised the production and traveled with it, always singing "[[Oh! How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning]]". The show kept him away from his family for three and a half years, during which time he took neither salary nor expenses, and turned over all profits to the Army Emergency Relief Fund.<ref name=McCorkle/>{{rp|81}}
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The play was adapted into a movie of the same name in 1943, directed by [[Michael Curtiz]], costarring [[Joan Leslie]] and [[Ronald Reagan]], who was then an army lieutenant. [[Kate Smith]] also sang "God Bless America" in the film with a backdrop showing families anxious over the coming war. The show became a hit movie and a morale-boosting road show that toured the battlefronts of Europe.<ref name=NYT-Barrett/> The shows and movie combined raised more than $10 million for the Army,<ref name=Corliss/> and in recognition of his contributions to troop morale, Berlin was awarded the Medal of Merit by President [[Harry S. Truman]].  His daughter, [[Mary Ellin Barrett]], who was 15 when she was at the opening-night performance of "[[This is the Army]]" on Broadway, remembered that when her father, who normally shunned the spotlight, appeared in the second act in soldier's garb to sing "Oh, How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning," he was greeted with a standing ovation that lasted 10 minutes. She adds that he was in his mid-50's at the time, and later declared those years with the show were the "most thrilling time of his life."<ref name=NYT-Barrett>[http://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/20/books/books-of-the-times-recalling-the-somber-man-behind-so-many-happy-songs.html?scp=1&sq=Irving%20Berlin%20Somber%20Man&st=cse "BOOKS OF THE TIMES; Recalling the Somber Man Behind So Many Happy Songs"] ''New York Times'' (book review), January 20, 1995</ref>
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===="Annie Get Your Gun" (1946)====
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The grueling tours Berlin did performing "This Is The Army" left him exhausted. But his old and close friend [[Jerome Kern]], who was the composer for "Annie Get Your Gun," suddenly died of a cerebral hemorrhage. Producers [[Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II]] persuaded Berlin to take over composing the score.
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Loosely based on the life of sharpshooter [[Annie Oakley]], the music and lyrics were written by Berlin, with a book by [[Herbert Fields]] and his sister [[Dorothy Fields]].  At first he refused to take on the job, claiming that he knew nothing about "[[hillbilly]] music", but the show ran for 1,147 performances and became his most successful score.  It is said that the showstopper song, "[[There's No Business Like Show Business (song)|There's No Business Like Show Business]]", was almost left out of the show altogether because Berlin mistakenly thought that Rodgers and Hammerstein didn't like it. However, it became the "ultimate uptempo show tune." One reviewer stating that "Its tough wisecracking lyrics are as tersely all-knowing as its melody, which is nailed down in brassy syncopated lines that have been copied -but never equaled in sheer melodic memorability—by hundreds of theater composers ever since."<ref name=NYT-87/> McCorkle writes that the score "meant more to me than ever, now that I knew that he wrote it after a grueling world tour and years of separation from his wife and daughters."<ref name=McCorkle/>{{rp|81}}
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Historian and composer [[Alec Wilder]] noted the difference between this score and Berlin's much earlier works:
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<blockquote>To hear... that "Alexander's Ragtime Band" (1911) was the hit of Vienna and probably every large city of Europe by late 1912, and then to realize that the writer of this song, forty years later, wrote the nearly perfect score of ''Annie Get Your Gun'', comes as a profound shock.<ref name=Wilder/>{{rp|94}}</blockquote>
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Apparently the "creative spurt" in which Berlin turned out several songs for the score in a single weekend was an anomaly. According to this daughter, he usually "sweated blood" to write his songs.<ref name=NYT-Barrett/> ''[[Annie Get Your Gun (musical)|Annie Get Your Gun]]'' is considered to be Berlin's best musical theatre score not only because of the number of hits it contains, but because its songs successfully combine character and plot development. The song "There's No Business Like Show Business" became "[[Ethel Merman]]'s trademark."<ref name=NYT-87/>
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====Final shows====
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Berlin's next show, ''[[Miss Liberty]]'' (1949), was disappointing, but ''[[Call Me Madam]]'' in 1950, starring [[Ethel Merman]] as Sally Adams, a Washington, D.C. socialite, loosely based the famous Washington hostess [[Perle Mesta]], fared better, giving him his second greatest success. After a failed attempt at retirement, in 1962, at the age of 74, he returned to Broadway  with ''[[Mr. President (musical)|Mr. President]]''. Although it ran for eight months, (with the premiere attended by President [[John F. Kennedy]]), it did not become a successful show. But as Richard Corliss points out, it did at least prove that Berlin was still the "uncomplicated lover of the country that had adopted and enriched him . . . [and] his feelings were most directly expressed" by the lyrics to the song, "This Is a Great Country:"<ref name=Corliss/>
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:Hats off to America,<br> The home of the free and the brave—<br> If this is flag waving,<br> Flag waving,<br> Do you know of a better flag to wave?
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Afterwards, Berlin officially announced his retirement and spent his remaining years in New York.
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==Movie scores==
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===1920s–1950s===
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[[Image:Easter Parade poster.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Easter Parade (1948 film)|Easter Parade]] (1948)]]
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In 1922, [[Madame Butterfly]] was his first composing film debut. In 1927, his song "[[Blue Skies (song)|Blue Skies]]", was featured in the first feature-length [[talkie]], ''[[The Jazz Singer (1927 film)|The Jazz Singer]]'', with [[Al Jolson]]. Later, movies like ''[[Top Hat]]'' (1935) became the first of a series of distinctive film musicals by Berlin starring performers like [[Bing Crosby]], [[Fred Astaire]], [[Judy Garland]], [[Ginger Rogers]], and [[Alice Faye]]. They usually had light romantic plots and a seemingly endless string of his new and old songs. Similar films included ''[[On the Avenue]]'' (1937), ''[[Gold Diggers in Paris]] (1938)'', ''[[Holiday Inn (film)|Holiday Inn]]'' (1942), ''[[Blue Skies (film)|Blue Skies]]'' (1946), and ''[[Easter Parade (1948 film)|Easter Parade]]'' (1948), with [[Judy Garland]] and [[Fred Astaire]].
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===="White Christmas" (1942)====
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The 1942 film ''[[Holiday Inn (film)|Holiday Inn]]'' introduced "[[White Christmas (song)|White Christmas]]", one of the most recorded songs in history. First sung in the film by [[Bing Crosby]], it sold over 30 million records and stayed #1 on the pop and R&B charts for 10 weeks. Crosby's single was the [[List of best selling singles|best-selling single]] in any music category for more than fifty years. Music critic [[Stephen Holden]] credits this partly to the fact that "the song also evokes a primal nostalgia—a pure childlike longing for roots, home and childhood—that goes way beyond the greeting imagery."<ref name=NYT-87/>
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[[Richard Corliss]] also notes that the song was even more significant having been released soon after America entered [[World War II]]: [it] "connected with... GIs in their first winter away from home. To them it voiced the ache of separation and the wistfulness they felt for the girl back home, for the innocence of youth...."<ref name=Corliss/> Poet [[Carl Sandburg]] said, "Way down under this latest hit of his, Irving Berlin catches us where we love peace."<ref name=Corliss/>
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"White Christmas" won Berlin the [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for Best Music in an Original Song, one of seven Oscar nominations he received during his career. In subsequent years, it was re-recorded and became a top-10 seller for numerous artists: [[Frank Sinatra]], [[Jo Stafford]], [[Ernest Tubb]], [[The Ravens]], and [[The Drifters]]. It would also be the last time a Berlin song went to #1 upon its release.
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Talking about Irving Berlin's "White Christmas", composer–lyricist Garrison Hintz stated that although songwriting can be a complicated process, its final result should sound simplistic. Considering the fact that "White Christmas" has only eight sentences in the entire song, lyrically Mr. Berlin achieved all that was necessary to eventually sell over 100 million copies and capture the hearts of the American public at the same time.<ref>Ascap magazine article,Tribute to Irving Berlin December 1989</ref>
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==Songwriting methods==
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According to Saul Bornstein, Berlin's publishing company manager, "It was a ritual for Berlin to write a complete song, words and music, every day."<ref name=Wilder>Wilder, Alec. ''American Popular Song: The Great Innovators, 1900–1950'', Oxford Univ. Press (1972)</ref>{{rp|92}} Berlin has said that he "does not believe in inspiration," and feels that although he may be gifted in certain areas, his "most successful compositions were the "result of work." In an interview in 1916, when he was 28, he said:
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<blockquote>I do most of my work under pressure. When I have a song to write I go home at night, and after dinner about 8 I begin to work. Sometimes I keep at it till 4 or 5 in the morning. I do most of my writing at night, and although I have lived in the same apartment four years there has never been a complaint from any of my neighbors.... Each day I would attend rehearsals and at night write another song and bring it down the next day.<ref name=NYT-1916/></blockquote>
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Not always certain about his own writing abilities, he once asked a songwriter friend, Mr. Herbert, whether he should study composition. "You have a natural gift for words and music," Mr. Herbert told him. "Learning theory might help you a little, but it could cramp your style." Berlin took his advice. Herbert later became a moving force behind the creation of ASCAP, the [[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers]]. In 1914, Berlin joined him as a charter member of the organization that has protected the royalties of composers and writers ever since.<ref name=NYT-obit/>
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Years later, he was asked whether he ever studied lyrical writing:
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<blockquote>I never have, because if I don't know them I do not have to observe any rules and can do as I like, which is much better for me than if I allowed myself to be governed by the rules of versification. In following my own method I can make my jingles fit my music or vice versa with no qualms as to their correctness. Usually I compose my tunes and then fit words to them, though sometimes it's the other way about.<ref name=NYT-1916/></blockquote>
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In later years he would emphasize his conviction, saying that "it's the lyric that makes a song a hit, although the tune, of course, is what makes it last."<ref name=Furia/>{{rp|234}}
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According to music historian Alec Wilder, it was well known that Berlin, unable to write his own music, paid a professional musician to harmonize and write his music, but always did so under his close supervision. He notes that "though Berlin may seldom have played acceptable harmony, he nevertheless, by some mastery of his inner ear, senses it, in fact writes many of his melodies with this natural, intuitive harmonic sense at work in his head, but not in his hands."<ref name=Wilder/>{{rp|93}}
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As a result, Wilder concludes that many admirers of the music of [[Jerome Kern]], [[Richard Rodgers]], and [[Cole Porter]] were unlikely to consider Berlin's work in the same category. But he feels that was due primarily to "forgetfulness and confusion," making them inclined to minimize his talent. He writes:
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<blockquote>They forget "Soft Lights and Sweet Music,' 'Supper Time,' and 'Cheek to Cheek' because they are confused by his also having written 'What'll I Do?' and 'Always.'  The solid, straightforward pop songs of Berlin are minor masterpieces of economy, clarity, and memorability. But they give little hint of the much more sophisticated aspects of his talent as it is revealed in his theater and film music.<ref name=Wilder/></All Alone.blockquote>
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Wilder tries to describe the source of Berlin's gift for songwriting: "In his lyrics as in his melodies, Berlin reveals a constant awareness of the world around him: the pulse of the times, the society in which his is functioning. There is nothing of the hothouse about his work, urban though it may be."<ref name=Wilder/>
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==Music styles==
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[[Image:There's No Business Like Show Business movie poster.jpg|thumb|upright|[[There's No Business Like Show Business (film)|There's No Business Like Show Business]] (1954)]]
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Music critic [[Stephen Holden]] writes that composer [[Jerome Kern]] recognized that the essence of Irving Berlin's lyrics was his "faith in the American vernacular" and was so profound that his best-known songs "seem indivisible from the country's history and self-image." He adds that where the songs of Kern, [[George Gershwin]], [[Richard Rodgers]], [[Oscar Hammerstein II]] and [[Cole Porter]] brought together Afro-American, Latin American, rural pop, and European operetta, Berlin's music "did not strive to be lofty in that way." He adds that "The be
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==Music styles==
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[[Image:There's No Business Like Show Business movie poster.jpg|thumb|upright|[[There's No Business Like Show Business (film)|There's No Business Like Show Business]] (1954)]]
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Music critic [[Stephen Holden]] writes that composer [[Jerome Kern]] recognized that the essence of Irving Berlin's lyrics was his st of it is a simple, exquisitely crafted street song whose diction feels so natural that one scarcely notices the craft.... For all of their innovation, they seem to flow straight out of the rhythms and inflections of everyday speech."<ref name=NYT-87/>
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Wilder also explains Berlin's style of writing:
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<blockquote>Whatever idealism some of his songs revealed, the core of his work has been eminently practical: his has been truly a body of work... his approach to songwriting is that of a craftsman rather than a composer.... I have been searching assiduously for stylistic characteristics in Berlin, but I can't find any. I find great songs, good songs, average songs, and commercial songs. But I find no clue to a single, or even duple, point of view in the music.<ref name=McCorkle/>{{rp|76}}</blockquote>
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Berlin did state a stylistic goal early in his career: to write a "syncopated operetta." He said, "If I were assigned the task of writing an American opera I should not follow the style of the masters, whose melodies can never be surpassed. Instead I would write a syncopated opera, which, if it failed, would at least possess the merit of novelty. That is what I really want to do eventually—write a syncopated operetta."<ref name=NYT-1916/> Two decades later, composer [[George Gershwin]] wrote, "I have learned many things from Irving Berlin, but the most precious lesson has been that ragtime—or jazz, as its more developed state was later called—was the only musical idiom in existence that could aptly express America."<ref name=Gershwin/>{{rp|117}}
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Many musicians and music historians have attempted to define the qualities about Berlin's songs that made them unique. Gershwin once tried:
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<blockquote>His music has that vitality—both rhythmic and melodic—which never seems to lose any of its exuberant freshness; it has  (1929)
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This waltz-time hit went to #2 with [[Rudy Vallee]] and in 1937 reached #1 with [[Tommy Dorsey]]. It was again on the charts at #13 in 1953 for [[The Four Tunes]] and at #15 for [[the Bachelors]] in 1965–36 years after its first appearance.that rich, colorful melodic flow which is ever the wonder of all those of who, too, compose songs; his ideas are endless.<ref name=Gershwin>Wyatt, Robert; Johnson, John A. ''The George Gershwin Reader'', Oxford Univ. Press (2004)</ref>{{rp|117}}</blockquote>
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Among Berlin's contemporaries was [[Cole Porter]], whose music style was often considered more "witty, sophisticated, [and] dirty," according to musicologist [[Susannah McCorkle]]. Of the five top songwriters, only Porter and Berlin wrote both their words and music. However, she notes that Porter, unlike Berlin, was a [[Yale]]-educated and wealthy Midwesterner whose songs were not successful until he was in his thirties. However, she notes that it was "Berlin [who] got Porter the show that launched his career."<ref name=McCorkle/>{{rp|76}}
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During the early 1940s, Berlin became an enthusiastic reader of works by the 18th century English poet, [[Alexander Pope]]. He had a genuine "enthusiasm for Pope's lean, compact [[heroic couplets]]." He felt that Pope would have made a "brilliant lyric writer."<ref name=Life/>
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In 2000, composer-lyricist [[Stephen Sondheim]] reflected on the greatest songs in the American Songbook, noting  "What distinguishes Berlin is the brilliance of his lyrics. 'You Can't Get a Man With a Gun'—that's as good a comic song as has ever been written by anybody. You look at the jokes and how quickly they're told, and it still has a plot to i according to musicologist [[Susannah McCorkle]]. Of the five top songwriters, only Porter and Berlin wrote both their words and music. However, she notes that Porter, unlike Berlin, was a [[Yale]]-educated and wealthy Midwesterner whose songs were not successful until he was in his thirties. However, she notes that it was t. It's sophisticated and very underrated." <ref>Rich, Frank.[http://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/12/magazine/conversations-with-sondheim.html?scp "Conversations With Sondheim"] ''New York Times,'' March 12, 2000</ref>
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==Personal life==
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===Marriages===
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In 1912, he married [[Dorothy Goetz]], the sister of the songwriter [[E. Ray Goetz]]. She died six months later of [[typhoid fever]], which she contracted during their honeymoon in [[Havana]]. The song he wrote to express his grief, "When I Lost You," was his first ballad.
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[[Image:IrvingBerlinEllenMackayBain.jpg|thumb|upright|<center>With wife Ellin, c. 1920s</center>]]
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Years later in the 1920s, he fell in love with a young heiress, Ellin Mackay, the daughter of Clarence Mackay, the socially prominent head of the Postal Telegraph Cable Company. Because Berlin was Jewish and she was Catholic, their life was followed in every possible detail by the press, which found the romance of an immigrant from the Lower East Side and a young heiress a good story.<ref name=NYT-obit/>
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They met in 1925, and her father opposed the match from the start. He went so far as to send her off to Europe to find other suitors and forget Mr. Berlin. However, Berlin wooed her over the airwaves with his songs, "Remember" and "Always." His biographer, [[Philip Furia]], writes that "even before Ellin returned from Europe, newspapers rumored they were engaged, and Broadway shows featured skits of the lovelorn songwriter...." During the week after her return, both she and Berlin were "besieged by reporters, sometimes fifty at a time." ''Variety'' reported that her father had vowed their marriage "would only happen 'over my dead body.'"<ref name=Furia/> As a result they decided to elope and were married in a simple civil ceremony at the Municipal Building away from media attention.
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A front-page story in the ''New York Times'' about the wedding stated, "Although Broadway for months had expected the one-time newsboy and Bowery singer of songs to wed the prominent young society girl... the marriage took Clarence H. Mackay, father of the bride, completely by surprise. He was reported to have been stunned when he learned from a third person of the Municipal Building ceremony." However, the bride's mother, who was divorced from Mr. Mackay, was apparently not of the same mind according to the story: "in fact, some quarters pictured her as desirous of seeing her daughter follow the dictates of her own heart. It was reported that the couple motored to the home of Mrs. Blake [her mother], early in the evening and obtained her blessing."<ref>"Ellin Mackay Wed to Irving Berlin; Surprises Father", ''New York Times'', page one, January 5, 1926</ref>
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There were also reports that her father disowned his daughter because of the marriage. Berlin then assigned all rights to a number of popular songs, including "Always," a song still played at weddings, thereby guaranteeing her a steady income regardless of what might happen with their marriage. For some years, Mr. Mackay was not on speaking terms with the Berlins''';''' however, during the [[Great Depression|Depression]] five years later, Berlin is said to have bailed out his father-in-law when he suffered because of the stock market crash.<ref name=NYT-obit/>
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Their marriage remained a love affair and they were inseparable until she died in July 1988 at the age of 85. They had four children during their 63 years of marriage: Irving, who died in infancy; [[Mary Ellin Barrett]] and Elizabeth Irving Peters of New York, and Linda Louise Emmet, who lived in Paris.<ref name=NYT-obit/>
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===Lifestyle===
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In 1916, in the earlier phase of Berlin's career, producer and composer [[George M. Cohan]], during a toast to the young Berlin at a [[New York Friars' Club|Friar's Club]] dinner in his honor, described Berlin:
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<blockquote>The thing I like about Irvie is that although he has moved up-town and made lots of money, it hasn't turned his head. He hasn't forgotten his friends, he doesn't wear funny clothes, and you will find his watch and his handkerchief in his pockets, where they belong.<ref name=NYT-1916>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9904EED71739E233A25751C0A9679C946796D6CF "The Story of Irving Berlin"] ''New York Times'', January 2, 1916</ref></blockquote>
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It has been noted by Furia that "throughout his life he had a habit of returning to his old haunts in [[Union Square (New York City)|Union Square]], [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Chinatown]], and the [[Bowery]], a habit easily indulged in a city where no matter how far up—or down—the ladder of success you had climbed, you could reach your antipodes by walking a few blocks."<ref name=Furia>Furia, Philip. ''Irving Berlin: A Life in Song'' Schirmer Books, (1998)</ref> Berlin would always remember his childhood years when he "slept under tenement steps, ate scraps, and wore secondhand clothes," describing those years as hard but good. "Every man should have a Lower East Side in his life," he said. He used to visit ''The Music Box Theater'', which he founded and which still stands at 239 West Forty-Fifth St.
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George Frazier of ''Life magazine'' found Berlin to be "intensely nervous," with a habit of tapping his listener with his index finger to emphasize a point, and continually pressing his hair down in back and "picking up any stray crumbs left on a table after a meal." While listening, "he leans f
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Wilder tries to describe the source of Berlin's gift for songwriting: orward tensely, with his hands clasped below his knees like a prizefighter waiting in his corner for the bell.... For a man who has known so much glory," writes Frazier, "Berlin has somehow managed to retain the enthusiasm of a novice."<ref name=Life/>
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Berlin's daughter later wrote in her memoir that "she found her father a loving, if workaholic, family man who was 'basically an upbeat person, with down periods,' until his last decades, when he retreated from public life...."<ref name=McCorkle/> She adds that her parents liked to celebrate every single holiday with their children. "They seemed to understand the importance, particularly in childhood, of the special day, the same every year, the special stories, foods, and decorations and that special sense of well-being that accompanies a holiday."<ref name=McCorkle/>{{rp|80}} Although he did comment to his daughter about her mother's lavish Christmas spending, "I gave up trying to get your mother to economize. It was easier just to make more money."<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000927/bio IMDB bio]</ref>
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Berlin supported the presidential candidacy of General Dwight Eisenhower, and his song "I Like Ike" featured prominently in the Eisenhower campaign. In his later years he also became more conservative in his views on music. According to his daughter, "He was consumed by patriotism." He often said, "I owe all my success to my adopted country" and once rejected his lawyers' advice to invest in [[tax shelters]], insisting, "I ''want'' to pay taxes. I love this country."<ref name=McCorkle/>{{rp|80}}
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Berlin was devoted to the Jewish faith and was a staunch advocate of civil rights.  Berlin was later honored in 1944 by the National Conference of Christians and Jews for "advancing the aims of the conference to eliminate religious and racial conflict."<ref name=jonon>{{cite web|url=http://www.amuseum.org/jahf/virtour/page21.html |title=Jewish-American Hall of Fame - Virtual Tour |publisher=Amuseum.org |date=2007-01-15 |accessdate=2011-12-10}}</ref>  In 1949, the Young Men's Hebrew Association (YMHA) honored him as one the twelve "most outstanding Americans of Jewish faith."<ref name=jonon />  Berlin's Civil Rights Movement support also made him a target of FBI Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]], who endlessly investigated him for years.<ref>Congressional Record, V. 144, Pt. 1, January 27, 1998 to February 13, 1998, pg. 679</ref>
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==Death==
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[[Image:Irving Berlin Grave 1024.jpg|thumb|The grave of Irving Berlin in [[Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx|Woodlawn Cemetery]], [[the Bronx]], [[New York City]]]]
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Berlin died in his sleep on September 22, 1989, in New York City at the age of 101 and was interred in the [[Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx|Woodlawn Cemetery]] in [[The Bronx]], New York. He was survived by three daughters: [[Mary Ellin Barrett]] and Elizabeth Irving Peters of New York, and Linda Louise Emmet, who lives in Paris. He is also survived by nine grandchildren and six great grandchildren.<ref name=NYT-obit/>
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On the evening following the announcement of his death, the marquee lights of Broadway playhouses were dimmed before curtain time in his memory. President [[George H. W. Bush]] said Mr. Berlin was "a legendary man who
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==Death==
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[[Image:Irving Berlin Grave 1024.jpg|thumb|The grave of Irving Berlin in [[Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx|Woodlawn Cemetery]], [[the Bronx]], [[New York City]]]]
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Berlin died in his sleep on September 22, 1989, in New York City at the age of 101 and was interred in the [[Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx|Woodlawn Cemetery]] in [[The Bronx]], New York. He was survived by three daughters: [[Mary Ellin Barrett]] and Elizabeth Irving Peters of New York, and Linda Louise Emmet, who lives in Paris. He is also survived by nine grandchildren and six great grandchildren.se words and music will help define the history of our nation." Just minutes before the President's statement was released, he joined a crowd of thousands to sing Berlin's "God Bless America" at a luncheon in Boston. Former President [[Ronald Reagan]], who costarred in Berlin's 1943 musical ''This Is the Army,'' said, "Nancy and I are deeply saddened by the death of a wonderfully talented man whose musical genius delighted and stirred miluncomplicated lover of the country that had adopted and enriched him . . . [and] his feelings were most directly expressedlions and will live on forever."<ref name=NYT9-24/>
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[[Morton Gould]], the composer and conductor who is president of the [[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers]] (ASCAP), of which Mr. Berlin was a founder, said, "What to me is fascinating about this unique genius is that he touched so many people in so many age groups over so many years. He sounded our deepest feelings—happiness, sadness, celebration, loneliness." [[Ginger Rogers]], who danced to Berlin tunes with [[Fred Astaire]], told The Associated Press upon hearing of his death that working with Mr. Berlin had been "like heaven." <ref name=NYT9-24>[http://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/24/nyregion/berlin-s-work-is-recalled-with-words-and-music.html "Berlin's Work Is Recalled With Words and Music"] ''New York Times'', September 24, 1989</ref>
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==Legacy and influence==
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''[[The New York Times]]'', after his death in 1989, wrote, "Irving Berlin set the tone and the tempo for the tunes America played and sang and danced to for much of the 20th century."  An immigrant from [[Russia]], his life became the "classic rags-to-riches story that he never forgot could have happened only in America."<ref name=NYT-obit/> During his career he wrote an estimated 1,500 songs<ref name=NYT-Dreaming/> and was a legend by the time he turned 30. He went on to write the scores for 19 Broadway shows and 18 Hollywood films,<ref name=IMDB/> with his songs nominated for [[Academy Awards]] on eight occasions. Music historian [[Susannah McCorkle]] writes that "in scope, quantity, and quality his work was amazing."<ref name=McCorkle/> Others, such as Broadway musician Anne Phillips, says simply that "the man is an American institution."<ref>[http://cabaret.broadwayworld.com/article/SING_SING_SING_Salutes_Irving_Berlin_At_The_Triad_127_20101103 "SING! SING! SING! Salutes Irving Berlin"] Broadwayworld.com, November 3, 2010</ref>
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During his six-decade career, from 1907 to 1966, he produced sheet music, Broadway shows, recordings, and scores played on radio, in films and on television, and his tunes continue to evoke powerful emotions for millions around the world. He wrote songs like "Alexander's Ragtime Band," "Cheek to Cheek", "There's No Business Like Show Business", "Blue Skies" and "Puttin' On the Ritz." Some of his songs have become holiday anthems, such as "[[Easter Parade (song)|Easter Parade]]", "[[White Christmas (song)|White Christmas]]", and "[[Happy Holiday (song)|Happy Holiday]]". "White Christmas" alone sold over 50 million records, the top-selling single of all time, won an [[ASCAP]] and an [[Academy Award]], and is one of the most frequently played songs ever written.<ref name=NYT-obit/> According to McCorkle, of the top five songwriters in America, only Berlin and [[Cole Porter]] wrote both their words and music.<ref name=McCorkle>McCorkle, Susannah. "Always: A Singer's Journey Through the Life of Irving Berlin", ''American Heritage'', November 1998, pgs 74–84</ref>
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In 1938 "[[God Bless America]]" became the unofficial national anthem of the United States, and on September 11, 2001, members of the House of Representatives stood on the steps of the Capitol and solemnly sang "God Bless America" together. The song returned to #1 shortly after 9/11, when [[Celine Dion]] recorded it as the title track of a 9/11 benefit album. The following year, the [[Postal Service]] issued a commemorative stamp of Berlin. By then, the Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts of New York had received more than $10 million in royalties from "God Bless America" as a result of Berlin's donation of royalties.<ref name=NYT-Dreaming/> According to music historian [[Gary Giddins]], "No other songwriter has written as many anthems.... No one else has written as many pop songs, period... [H]is gift for economy, directness, and slang, presents Berlin as an obsessive, often despairing commentator on the passing scene."<ref>Giddins, Gary. ''Weather Bird: Jazz at the Dawn of its Second Century'', Oxford Univ. Press (2004)</ref>{{rp|405}}
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In 1934 ''[[Life Magazine]]'' put him on its cover and inside hailed "this itinerant son of a Russian cantor" as "an American institution."<ref name=DVD>''Irving Berlin: An American Song'', film, 1999</ref> And again in 1943 ''Life'' described his songs as follows:
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<blockquote>They possess a permanence not generally associated with [[Tin Pan Alley]] products and it is more than remotely possible that in days to come Berlin will be looked upon as the [[Stephen Foster]] of the 20th century.<ref name=Life>Frazier, George. ''Life Magazine'', April 5, 1943, pgs. 79–88</ref></blockquote>
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At various times his songs were also rallying cries for different causes: He produced musical editorials supporting [[Al Smith]] and [[Dwight Eisenhower]] as presidential candidates, he wrote songs opposing [[Prohibition]], defending the [[gold standard]], calming the wounds of the [[Great Depression]], and helping the war against [[Hitler]], and in 1950 he wrote an anthem for the state of [[Israel]].<ref name=Corliss/> Biographer David Leopold adds that "We all know his songs... they are all part of who we are."
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At his 100th-birthday celebration in May 1988, violinist [[Isaac Stern]] said, "The career of Irving Berlin and American music were intertwined forever—American music was born at his piano,"<ref name=NYT-obit/> while songwriter [[Sammy Cahn]] pointed out:  "If a man, in a lifetime of 50 years, can point to six songs that are immediately identifiable, he has achieved something. Irving Berlin can sing 60 that are immediately identifiable... [Y]ou couldn't have a holiday without his permission."<ref name=NYT-obit/> Composer [[Douglas Moore]] added:
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<blockquote>It's a rare gift which sets Irving Berlin apart from all other contemporary songwriters. It is a gift which qualifies him, along with [[Stephen Foster]], [[Walt Whitman]], [[Vachel Lindsay]] and [[Carl Sandburg]], as a great American minstrel. He has caught and immortalized in his songs what we say, what we think about, and what we believe.<ref name=NYT-obit/></blockquote>
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[[ASCAP]]'s records show that  In an interview in 1916, when he was 28, he said:
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25 of Berlin's songs reached the top of the charts and were re-recorded by dozens of famous singers over the years, such as [[Frank Sinatra]], [[Barbra Streisand]], [[Linda Ronstadt]], [[Rosemary Clooney]], [[Doris Day]], [[Diana Ross]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Al Jolson]], [[Nat King Cole]], and [[Ella Fitzgerald]].<ref name=IMDB>[http://us.imdb.com/name/nm0000927/ International Movie Database] Irving Berlin</ref> In 1924, when Berlin was 36, his biography, ''The Story of Irving Berlin'', was being written by [[Alexander Woollcott]]. In a letter to Woollcott, [[Jerome Kern]] offered what one writer said "may be the last word" on the significance of Irving Berlin:
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<blockquote>Irving Berlin has no ''place'' in American music—he ''is'' American music. Emotionally, he honestly absorbs the vibrations emanating from the people, manners and life of his time and, in turn, gives these impressions back to the world—simplified, clarified and glorified.<ref name=NYT-87/></blockquote>
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Composer [[George Gershwin]] (1898–1937) also tried to describe the importance of Berlin's compositions:
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<blockquote>I want to say at once that I frankly believe that Irving Berlin is the greatest songwriter that has ever lived.... His songs are exquisite cameos of perfection, and each one of them is as beautiful as its neighbor. Irving Berlin remains, I think, America's [[Schubert]]. But apart from his genuine talent for song-writing, Irving Berlin has had a greater influence upon American music than any other one man. It was Irving Berlin who was the very first to have created a real, inherent American music.... Irving Berlin was the first to free the American song from the nauseating sentimentality which had previously characterized it, and by introducing and perfecting ragtime he had actually given us the first germ of an American musical idiom; he had sowed the first seeds of an American music.<ref name=Gershwin/>{{rp|117}}</blockquote>
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/ref
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It's a rare gift which sets Irving Berlin apart from all other contemporary songwriters. It is a gift which qualifies him, along with [[Stephen Foster]], [[Walt Whitman]], [[Vachel Lindsay]] and [[Carl Sandburg]], as a great American minstrel. He has caught and immortalized in his songs what we say, what we think about, and what we believe.
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blockquote
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On the evening following the announcement of his death, the marquee lights of Broadway playhouses were dimmed before curtain time in his memory. President [[George H. W. Bush]] said Mr. Berlin was Frazier, George. ''Life Magazine'', April 5, 1943, pgs. 79–88
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{{rp|117}}-->
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Frazier, George. ''Life Magazine'', April 5, 1943, pgs. 79–88
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Текущая версия на 21:36, 5 ноября 2013

  1. redirect ej:Ирвинг Берлин
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