Участник:Igorp lj/tmp3

Вы находитесь на сайте "Архив статей из ЭЕЭ и статей на еврейские темы из Википедии"

< Участник:Igorp lj(Различия между версиями)
Перейти к: навигация, поиск
Igorp lj (Обсуждение | вклад)
(upd)
Igorp lj (Обсуждение | вклад)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_casualties_of_war)
 
(8 промежуточных версий не показаны.)
Строка 1: Строка 1:
-
'''Эфраим Ильин''' — {{ДатаРождения|20|02|1912}}, ([[Харьков]], [[Российская империя]]),  — {{ДатаСмерти|17|09|2010}} ([[Реховот]], [[Израиль]])) — деятель [[Ецель|еврейского подполья]] в [[Британский мандат в Палестине|подмандатной Палестине]], [[израиль]]ский промышленник, член совета директоров [[Институт Вейцмана|Института им. Вейцмана]], почетный доктор философии [[Университет имени Бен-Гуриона|университета им. Бен-Гуриона,]] знаток музыки и живописи и меценат.
+
[[Файл:Israel-1er-juin-1948-detail-sud.png|thumb|Axes d'attaques égptiens fin mai - début juin 1948]]
 +
File:Debut-octobre-1948.jpg
 +
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Israel-1er-juin-1948-detail-galilee.png
 +
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Israel-octobre-1948-detail-nord.png
 +
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Christophe_cag%C3%A9
-
== Биография ==
+
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_isra%C3%A9lo-arabe_de_1948-1949
-
Эфраим Ильин родился 20 февраля в семье Йосефа Ильина и Эстер Куников и его сташей сестры Батьи (1909). В семье, придерживалась [[Иудаизм|еврейских традиций]], поддерживали идеи [[сионизм]]а. Дома говорили на иврите, с шести лет Эфраим учился в школе «[[Тарбут]]», которую создал его отец - промышленник, один из глав еврейской общины Харькова.
+
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1948_arab_israeli_war_-_Oct.jpg
 +
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_the_1948_Arab_Israeli_War
-
С 1924 года — семья Ильиных в Палестине. Отец купил апельсиновую плантацию в [[Нес-Циона|Нес-Ционе]], Эфраим жил в Тель-Авиве и учился в [[Гимназия «Герцлия»|гимназии «Герцлия»]]. После выступления в гимназии [[Жаботинский, Владимир Евгеньевич|Зеэва Жаботинского]] в 1925 году, он вступил в мододежную сионистскую организацию «[[Бейтар]]». [[Девятое Ава|Девятого ава]] 1929 года Ильин, в числе других «бейтаровцев»,  охранял молящихся у [[Стена плача|Стены плача]] во время погромов 1930-х гг. Позже, после раздела в сионистском движении, Ильин стал делегатом первого конгресса новой ревизионистской организации [[Иргун|«Эцель»]], возглавленной Жаботинским.
+
----
-
После окончания гимназии, Ильин, по настоянию отца поступает в университет в Льеже (Бельгия) по специальностям экономика и ведение бизнеса. После окончания университета он возвращается в Палестину и становится активным участником борьбы «Эцеля» против англичан, препятствовавших иммиграции евреев из Европы конца 1930-х годов в Палестину<ref>так «Эцелю» удалось спасти от гибели около 14 тысяч евреев Европы</ref>, несколько раз был арестован.  
+
* [[Обсуждение:Организация освобождения Палестины#Посредничество]]
 +
* [[Обсуждение:Бригады мучеников аль-Аксы]]
 +
* [http://desertpeace.wordpress.com/2010/08/28/arabisraeli-conflict-moves-to-the-net/ The battle for Wikipedia: Palestinians counter Israeli editing group]
 +
* https://www.google.com/search?source=ig&hl=ru&rlz=&q=Wikipedia+arab+workshop
 +
* [[Википедия:Заявки на арбитраж/О блокировке Yankl]]
 +
* http://israelbehindthenews.com/bin/search.cgi?Rank=11&keywords=saddam%20hussein%20funds&match=AND
 +
David Bedein, Bureau Chief Israel Resource News Agency
 +
* http://yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=saddam+hussein+funds+2002+azzam+ahmad&lr=130
-
После начала Второй мировой войны в 1939 году и раскола в сионистском движении по отношению к англичанам во время войны, Ильин прекратил свою деятельность в подполье и собрался поступить на курсы офицеров английской армии, но после тяжелой автомобильной аварии ему пришлось поменять свои планы. Он ушел в экономику, и к апрелю 1946 года в результате успешных операций в текстильной промышленности, он «стал  [[Фунт стерлингов|стерлинговым]] миллионером». 
+
----
-
== Война за независимость и создание Израиля ==
+
* [http://www.mediaguide.ru/?p=anons&id=4193a291 12.11.04 Анонсы ежедневной газеты "Газета" от 12.11.2004]
-
Решение ООН о разделе Палестины в ноябре 1947 года застала семью Ильиных в Лондоне, куда родители приехали на [[Бар-мицва|бар-мицву]] учащегося там сына. Понимая, что создаваемое государство ждет война, Ильин бросил бизнес и занялся добыванием оружия в послевоенной Европе.
+
* http://poisk.narod.co.il/search.html?cx=partner-pub-5664698105851890%3Ap8alq7-z70c&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=windows-1251&q=%C0%F0%E0%F4%E0%F2+&siteurl=news.narod.co.il%252Fsearch_web.php
 +
* http://yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%22Вениамин+Гинодман+%22Арафат+подчеркнуто+не+религиозен%22+&lr=130
 +
* [http://www.pressmon.com/cgi-bin/press_view.cgi?id=1125190 ОЧЕНЬ СВОЕВРЕМЕННАЯ РЕЛИГИОЗНАЯ ВОЙНА Газета, 07/02/2006]
 +
* [http://www.interfax-religion.ru/cis.php?act=print&div=2778 07 февраля 2006 года "ГАЗЕТА": "Очень своевременная религиозная война. Идеи Арафата живут и побеждают"]
-
С его опытом и связями, он стал специалистом по решению самых сложных проблем, встававших перед молодым государством. Среди них - закупка и переправка морским путем в Израиль оружия и боеприпасов из Чехословакии, Франции, Югославии, Италии… В одной из таких операций, когда не хватало денег на аванс за «[[Мессершмитт (фирма)|мессершмитт]]ы», он заложил 2 миллиона долларов своих денег на их закупку.
+
----
-
Позднее, в 1959 году он стал неофициальным посредником, обеспечившим согласие правительства Румынии на эмиграцию 150 тысяч ее евреев.
+
MIDDLE EAST RELATED HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS & TREATIES:
 +
BEFORE 1860 | 1860-1917 | 1918-1946 | 1947-1966 | 1967-1990 |
 +
1991-9/11/2001 | Sep 11, 2001 - PRESENT | VARIOUS DATES
 +
* http://www.middle-east-info.org/links/index.htm#19181946
-
В начале [[1950-е|1950-х]] гг. году Ильин убедил [[Кайзер, Генри Джон|Генри Кайзера]] вложить десятки миллионов долларов в создание автомобильной промышленности в Израиле и, вложив также свои деньги, стал руководителем предприятия Kaiser - Renault (Kaiser Ilin Taasiot) в Израиле. Так было положено начало израильской автомобильной промышленности. Предприятие выпускало автомобили Manhattan и Henry J., затем Willys, Studebaker, Lark, пикапы Champ и грузовики Transtar. В течение десяти лет было выпущено более 27 000 автомобилей, из них — 17 000 на экспорт. Доходы от их продажи составляли значительную часть от израильского экспорта. Многие автомобили предприятия использовались армией во время [[Мивца «Кадеш»|Синайской кампании 1956 года]], [[Шестидневная война (1967)|Шестидневной войны 1967 года]], [[Война Судного дня|Войны Судного дня 1973 года]].
+
----
-
== Примечания ==
+
* [http://www.dissercat.com/content/politika-velikobritanii-v-palestine-v-period-mandata-1920-1948-gg Политика Великобритании в Палестине в период мандата, 1920-1948 гг. Год: 2000 Автор: Щевелев, Сергей Стефанович Автореферат Диссертация Артикул: 85595]
-
{{примечания}}
+
* [http://www.disserstation.ru/avtoreferats6/ir29.htm Санкт-Петербургскчй государственный университетРибхи Сайд Самара ИСЛАМСКОЕ ДВИЖЕНИЕ В ПАЛЕСТИНЕ: 1928-1988 гг. Специальность: 07.00.03 - всеобщая история АВТОРЕФЕРАТ диссертации на соискание ученой степени кандидата исторических наук Санкт-Петербург 2002]
 +
* [http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Arab_Revolt.htm Arab Revolt (in Palestine)]
-
== Источники ==
+
----
-
* {{cite web|url=http://www.tidhar.tourolib.org/tidhar/view/11/3713|title=אפרים אילין|date=1961|publisher=Tidhar, D. |description=Entsiklopedyah le-halutse ha-yishuv u-vonav (Vol. 11, p. 3713).|lang=he|accessdate=2011-12-12|archiveurl=|archivedate=}} ([http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tidhar.tourolib.org%2Ftidhar%2Fview%2F11%2F3713&hl=en&langpair=auto|en&tbb=1 by translate.google.com] {{ref-en}})
+
 
-
* {{cite web|url=http://www.ilin.co.il/content/view/28/64/|title=על החתום|author=אפרים אילין|date=1985|publisher=הוצאת מעריב - הד ארצי|pages=293|lang=he|accessdate=2011-12-12|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060219190556/http://www.ilin.co.il/content/view/28/64/|archivedate=2011-12-12}}
+
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhytomyr
-
* {{cite web|url=http://zevindescendants.org/Libin.pdf|title=THE LIBIN FAMILY  FROM THE CHERNIGOV COUNTY In The 19th & 20th Centuries|author=|date= 2011|work=Edited and Prepared by  Dr. Yehoshua Buch|publisher= Internet Edition|lang=en|accessdate=2011-12-10}}
+
===Jews in Zhytomyr===
-
* [http://archive.jta.org/article/1952/02/15/3030571/us-trucks-to-be-assembled-in-israel-agreement-announced U.S. Trucks to Be Assembled in Israel; Agreement Announced, FEBRUARY 15, 1952] [[jta.org]]
+
 
-
* [http://archive.jta.org/article/1958/09/26/3056401/american-kaiser-company-plans-three-new-factories-in-israel American Kaiser Company Plans Three New Factories in Israel] [[jta.org]], SEPTEMBER 26, 1958
+
Zhytomyr apparently had few [[Jew]]s at the time of the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] (1648), but by the time it became part of [[Russia]] in 1778, it had a large Jewish community, and was a center of the [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] movement. Jews formed nearly one-third of the 1861 population (13,299 in 40,564); thirty years later, they had somewhat outpaced the general growth of the city, with 24,062 Jews in a total population of 69,785. By 1891 there were three large [[synagogue]]s and 46 smaller ''[[Beth midrash|batte midrash]]''. The proportion of Jews was much lower in the surrounding district of Zhytomyr than in the city itself; at the turn of the century (''circa'' 1900) there were 22,636 Jews in a total population of 281,378.
-
* [http://circlekf.com/kfhandbook/kfoci%20handbook-pdf%20files/KFOCI%20HANDBOOK%20VERSION%204.0/Overseas%20Assembly%20Plants-Includes%20Canada/033-Haifa%20Israel%20Assembly%20Plant%20-%20Handbook.pdf HAIFA, ISRAEL ASSEMBLY PLANT, MARCH 1950 – 1957] Handbook // [http://circlekf.com/ Kaiser-Frazer Corporation]
+
 
-
* {{cite web|url=http://autopilot.kommersant.ru/issues/auto/2008/04/112.HTML|title=Плоды бойкота|author=Александр Шульман|date=Апрель, 2008 № 04 (169)|publisher=[[КоммерсантЪ]] Журнал "Автопилот"|accessdate=2011-12-11}}
+
In [[Imperial Russia]], Zhytomyr held the same status as the official Jewish center of southern part of the [[Pale of Settlement]] as [[Vilnius]] held in the north. The printing of [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] books was permitted only in these two cities during the monopoly of Hebrew printing from 1845 to 1862, and both were chosen as the seats of the two [[rabbi]]nical schools which were established by the government in 1848 in pursuance of its plans to force secular education on the [[History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union|Jews of Russia]] in accordance with the program of the Teutonized Russian [[Haskalah]] movement. The rabbinical school of Zhytomyr was considered the more Jewish, or rather the less Russianized, of the two (''[[Ha-Meliẓ]]'', 1868, No. 40, cited in ''Jewish Encyclopedia''). Its first head master was [[Jacob Eichenbaum]], who was succeeded by [[Hayyim Selig Slonimski]] in 1862. The latter remained at the head of the school until it was closed (together with the one at Vilnius) in 1873 because of its failure to provide rabbis with a secular education who should be acceptable to the Jewish communities. [[Suchastover]], [[Gottlober]], [[Lerner]], and [[Zweifel]] were among the best-known teachers of the rabbinical school at Zhytomyr, while [[Abraham Goldfaden]], [[Salomon Mandelkern]], and [[Abraham Jacob Paperna]] were among the students who later became famous in the Jewish world.
-
* [http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-42623223.html FRANKREICH / RENAULT-EXPORT Affäre Dreyfus (ФРАНЦИЯ / RENAULT ЭКСПОРТ «Дело Дрейфуса»] DER SPIEGEL 46/1959
+
 
 +
The teachers' institutes which were substituted for the rabbinical schools were, in the words of the ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' "scarcely more satisfactory" (The ''JE'' refers to the teachers' institute at Zhytomyr as "probably the worst-managed Jewish institution in Russia of which there is any record", citing Prelooker, ''Under the Czar and Queen Victoria,'' pp.&nbsp;8–21, [[London]], 1895). It was closed in 1885, succeeded by a [[Talmud Torah]], a "government school" for boys, a girls' school, and several private schools for both sexes that the ''JE'' describes as "admirable", with comparable praise for other Jewish institutions of Zhytomyr circa 1900.
 +
 
 +
While "never a center of rabbinical learning" (''JE'') Zhytomyr boasted a few rabbis of some note: Rabbi Wolf (died 1800), author of the ''Or ha-Meïr'' (Koretz, 1795), a pupil of Bär of Meseritz and one of the leaders of early Hasidism, and Abraham Bär Mavruch, ''rosh bet din'' or acting rabbi of Zhytomyr in the first half of the nineteenth century and author of the ''Bat 'Ayin'' (Zhytomyr, 1850).
 +
 
 +
The Jewish community of Zhytomyr suffered [[pogrom]]s: 1) on May 7–8, 1905, when the section of the city known as "Podol" was devastated, 20 were killed within the city, 10 young Jewish neighbors were killed when they came to defend, and the [[Christianity|Christian]] student Nicholas Blinov, also attempting to defend, likewise lost his life; on January 7–10, 1919; 3) and beginning on March 22, 1919, when, according to witnesses, the 317 deaths were a lesser number, due to both Christian sheltering efforts and the return of the [[Bolshevik]] troops within a few days.<ref>Elias Heifetz, ''The slaughter of the Jews in the Ukraine in 1919'', 1921, Thomas Selzter New York, pp. 25-40. [http://books.google.com/books?pg=PR5&id=gSkEAAAAYAAJ#v=onepage&q=&f=false] accessed October 28, 2009</ref>
 +
 
 +
The Jewish community of the region was largely destroyed in [[the Holocaust]]. In the four months beginning with Himmler's 25 July 1942 orders, "all of Ukraine's [[shtetl]]s and [[ghetto#Second World War|ghettos]] lay in ruins; tens of thousands of Jewish men, women, and children were brutally murdered by stationary and mobile [[Schutzstaffel|SS]]-police units and indigenous auxiliaries."<ref name="Lower">Lower, 2005, introduction.</ref>
 +
 
 +
Today, the Zhytomyr Jewish community numbers about 5000. The community is a part of the "Union of Jewish Communities in Ukraine" and the city and district's rabbinate Rabbi Shlomo Vilhelm serves as rabbi, who came to the city as a [[Chabad emissary]] in [[1994]]. Other Jewish institutions are also active in the city, such as the [[American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee|Joint]] and its humanitarian branch "Chesed" and the [[Jewish Agency]].
 +
 
 +
The community has an ancient [[synagogue]] in the city center which has a [[mikveh]]. [[Chabad]] operates in the city various educational institutions which have residence in a village next to the city.
 +
 
 +
== Сноски ==
 +
<references/>
 +
 
 +
==References and footnotes==
 +
{{reflist}}
 +
{{refbegin}}
 +
* {{JewishEncyclopedia|article=Zhitomir (Jitomir)|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=118&letter=Z|author=Herman Rosenthal and Peter Wiernik}}
 +
* Wendy Lower, ''Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine'', 2005, University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2960-9. [http://uncpress.unc.edu/chapters/lower_nazi.html Introduction (online)] accessed 19 July 2006.
 +
{{refend}}
 +
 
 +
----
 +
 
 +
* The terrorist identity: explaining the terrorist threat
 +
By Michael P. Arena, Bruce A. Arrigo  p.84
 +
http://books.google.co.il/books?id=Rv5kAnKsAKsC&pg=PA84&dq=Britain+and+Palestine+al-qassam+terror&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nOodT8jgAcaaOtnEwbAO&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q&f=false
 +
 
 +
* The Palestinian people: a history
 +
By Baruch Kimmerling, Joel S. Migdal p.479
 +
http://books.google.co.il/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC&pg=PA479&dq=Britain+and+Palestine+al-qassam+terror&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nOodT8jgAcaaOtnEwbAO&ved=0CFcQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=Britain%20and%20Palestine%20al-qassam%20terror&f=false
 +
* http://books.google.co.il/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC&source=gbs_navlinks_s
 +
 
 +
* The Nazi Connection to Islamic Terrorism: Adolf Hitler and Haj Amin Al-Husseini
 +
By Chuck Morse p. 45
 +
http://books.google.co.il/books?id=HGkthBwbNg8C&pg=PA45&dq=Britain+and+Palestine+al-qassam+terror&hl=en&sa=X&ei=LukdT47AJYWA4gTVruDWDQ&ved=0CFYQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Britain%20and%20Palestine%20al-qassam%20terror&f=false
 +
 
 +
* War, peace and terror in the Middle East
 +
By Raphael Israeli
 +
http://books.google.co.il/books?id=I4B11CFdP-oC&pg=PA7&dq=Britain+and+Palestine+al-qassam+terror&hl=en&sa=X&ei=LukdT47AJYWA4gTVruDWDQ&ved=0CGIQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
 +
 
 +
* https://www.google.com/search?source=ig&hl=en&rlz=&q=mandate+palestine+terror+organisations&btnG=Google+Search#q=arab+terror++organizations+in+Palestine+britain+mandate&hl=en&prmd=imvns&ei=6kcfT-3JDMOZOpne9awO&start=10&sa=N&fp=1&biw=1280&bih=681&cad=b&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb
 +
 
 +
* inauthor:"Rashid Khalidi"
 +
http://www.google.co.il/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Rashid+Khalidi%22#q=inauthor%3A%22Rashid+Khalidi%22&hl=en&tbm=bks&ei=LbU2T7TKKYrP-gbD2tTyAQ&start=0&sa=N&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=665309863516daae&biw=1280&bih=681
 +
 
 +
*  «Al Futuwwah» terror group Al-Husseini
 +
http://www.google.co.il/search?dq=inauthor:%22Tom+Segev%22&hl=ru&redir_esc=y&q=Tom%20Segev%20One%20Palestine%20Complete%20Black%20Hand&sa=N&tab=pw#pq=+%C2%ABal+futuwwah%C2%BB&hl=ru&cp=28&gs_id=20&xhr=t&q=+%C2%ABAl+Futuwwah%C2%BB+terror+group+Al-Husseini&pf=p&sclient=psy-ab&source=hp&pbx=1&oq=+%C2%ABAl+Futuwwah%C2%BB+terror+group+Al-Husseini+&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=&gs_upl=&fp=1&biw=1280&bih=681&cad=b&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb
 +
 
 +
* inauthor:"Philip Mattar"
 +
http://www.google.ru/search?hl=ru&newwindow=1&sa=X&tbo=1&biw=1280&bih=637&tbm=bks&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Philip+Mattar%22&ei=G0sbT9z4A4mfOvjX3K0L&ved=0CDUQ9Ag
 +
 
 +
* http://yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=Black+Hand+Palestine+terror&lr=130
 +
 
 +
* Izz al-Din al-Qassam black hand terror
 +
https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&hl=ru&q=Izz+al-Din+al-Qassam+black+hand+terror&btnG=
 +
 
 +
* http://www.google.ru/webhp?hl=ru#q=Black+Hand+(Palestine)+Izz+ad-Din+al-Qassam+terror&hl=ru&newwindow=1&site=webhp&prmd=imvns&ei=SAgbT8HfLMzSswb23ZhH&start=20&sa=N&fp=1&biw=1280&bih=681&cad=b&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb
 +
 
 +
* Gelber, Sylvia
 +
http://www.google.co.il/search?hl=ru&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Daniel+Baracskay%22#pq=inauthor%3A%22gelber%22&hl=ru&ds=bo&cp=14&gs_id=2h&xhr=t&q=Gelber%2C+Sylvia&pf=p&sclient=psy-ab&tbm=bks&source=hp&pbx=1&oq=Gelber,+Sylvia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=&gs_upl=&fp=1&biw=1280&bih=681&bs=1&cad=b&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb
 +
 
 +
* Shai Lachman The Case of Sheikh Izz al-Din al-Qassam and His Movement
 +
http://books.google.ru/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC&pg=PA479&dq=Shai+Lachman+The+Case+of+Sheikh+Izz+al-Din+al-Qassam+and+His+Movement&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=pRMbT9GwMpG6hAeA-5W8DA&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=Izz%20al-Din%20al-Qassam&f=false
 +
 
 +
===
 +
 
 +
http://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Гольдштейн,_Барух&diff=next&oldid=42099980
 +
 
 +
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Studies_Association_of_North_America
 +
 
 +
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Israel_Studies
 +
 
 +
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Lustick
 +
 
 +
=========
 +
 
 +
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_casualties_of_war
 +
 
 +
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_casualties_of_war

Текущая версия на 21:21, 5 марта 2012

Файл:Israel-1er-juin-1948-detail-sud.png
Axes d'attaques égptiens fin mai - début juin 1948

File:Debut-octobre-1948.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Israel-1er-juin-1948-detail-galilee.png http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Israel-octobre-1948-detail-nord.png http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Christophe_cag%C3%A9

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_isra%C3%A9lo-arabe_de_1948-1949 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1948_arab_israeli_war_-_Oct.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_the_1948_Arab_Israeli_War

David Bedein, Bureau Chief Israel Resource News Agency

MIDDLE EAST RELATED HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS & TREATIES: BEFORE 1860 | 1860-1917 | 1918-1946 | 1947-1966 | 1967-1990 | 1991-9/11/2001 | Sep 11, 2001 - PRESENT | VARIOUS DATES

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhytomyr

Содержание

Jews in Zhytomyr

Zhytomyr apparently had few Jews at the time of the Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648), but by the time it became part of Russia in 1778, it had a large Jewish community, and was a center of the Hasidic movement. Jews formed nearly one-third of the 1861 population (13,299 in 40,564); thirty years later, they had somewhat outpaced the general growth of the city, with 24,062 Jews in a total population of 69,785. By 1891 there were three large synagogues and 46 smaller batte midrash. The proportion of Jews was much lower in the surrounding district of Zhytomyr than in the city itself; at the turn of the century (circa 1900) there were 22,636 Jews in a total population of 281,378.

In Imperial Russia, Zhytomyr held the same status as the official Jewish center of southern part of the Pale of Settlement as Vilnius held in the north. The printing of Hebrew books was permitted only in these two cities during the monopoly of Hebrew printing from 1845 to 1862, and both were chosen as the seats of the two rabbinical schools which were established by the government in 1848 in pursuance of its plans to force secular education on the Jews of Russia in accordance with the program of the Teutonized Russian Haskalah movement. The rabbinical school of Zhytomyr was considered the more Jewish, or rather the less Russianized, of the two (Ha-Meliẓ, 1868, No. 40, cited in Jewish Encyclopedia). Its first head master was Jacob Eichenbaum, who was succeeded by Hayyim Selig Slonimski in 1862. The latter remained at the head of the school until it was closed (together with the one at Vilnius) in 1873 because of its failure to provide rabbis with a secular education who should be acceptable to the Jewish communities. Suchastover, Gottlober, Lerner, and Zweifel were among the best-known teachers of the rabbinical school at Zhytomyr, while Abraham Goldfaden, Salomon Mandelkern, and Abraham Jacob Paperna were among the students who later became famous in the Jewish world.

The teachers' institutes which were substituted for the rabbinical schools were, in the words of the Jewish Encyclopedia "scarcely more satisfactory" (The JE refers to the teachers' institute at Zhytomyr as "probably the worst-managed Jewish institution in Russia of which there is any record", citing Prelooker, Under the Czar and Queen Victoria, pp. 8–21, London, 1895). It was closed in 1885, succeeded by a Talmud Torah, a "government school" for boys, a girls' school, and several private schools for both sexes that the JE describes as "admirable", with comparable praise for other Jewish institutions of Zhytomyr circa 1900.

While "never a center of rabbinical learning" (JE) Zhytomyr boasted a few rabbis of some note: Rabbi Wolf (died 1800), author of the Or ha-Meïr (Koretz, 1795), a pupil of Bär of Meseritz and one of the leaders of early Hasidism, and Abraham Bär Mavruch, rosh bet din or acting rabbi of Zhytomyr in the first half of the nineteenth century and author of the Bat 'Ayin (Zhytomyr, 1850).

The Jewish community of Zhytomyr suffered pogroms: 1) on May 7–8, 1905, when the section of the city known as "Podol" was devastated, 20 were killed within the city, 10 young Jewish neighbors were killed when they came to defend, and the Christian student Nicholas Blinov, also attempting to defend, likewise lost his life; on January 7–10, 1919; 3) and beginning on March 22, 1919, when, according to witnesses, the 317 deaths were a lesser number, due to both Christian sheltering efforts and the return of the Bolshevik troops within a few days.[1]

The Jewish community of the region was largely destroyed in the Holocaust. In the four months beginning with Himmler's 25 July 1942 orders, "all of Ukraine's shtetls and ghettos lay in ruins; tens of thousands of Jewish men, women, and children were brutally murdered by stationary and mobile SS-police units and indigenous auxiliaries."[2]

Today, the Zhytomyr Jewish community numbers about 5000. The community is a part of the "Union of Jewish Communities in Ukraine" and the city and district's rabbinate Rabbi Shlomo Vilhelm serves as rabbi, who came to the city as a Chabad emissary in 1994. Other Jewish institutions are also active in the city, such as the Joint and its humanitarian branch "Chesed" and the Jewish Agency.

The community has an ancient synagogue in the city center which has a mikveh. Chabad operates in the city various educational institutions which have residence in a village next to the city.

Сноски

  1. ↑ Elias Heifetz, The slaughter of the Jews in the Ukraine in 1919, 1921, Thomas Selzter New York, pp. 25-40. [1] accessed October 28, 2009
  2. ↑ Lower, 2005, introduction.

References and footnotes

  • The terrorist identity: explaining the terrorist threat

By Michael P. Arena, Bruce A. Arrigo p.84 http://books.google.co.il/books?id=Rv5kAnKsAKsC&pg=PA84&dq=Britain+and+Palestine+al-qassam+terror&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nOodT8jgAcaaOtnEwbAO&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q&f=false

  • The Palestinian people: a history

By Baruch Kimmerling, Joel S. Migdal p.479 http://books.google.co.il/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC&pg=PA479&dq=Britain+and+Palestine+al-qassam+terror&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nOodT8jgAcaaOtnEwbAO&ved=0CFcQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=Britain%20and%20Palestine%20al-qassam%20terror&f=false

  • The Nazi Connection to Islamic Terrorism: Adolf Hitler and Haj Amin Al-Husseini

By Chuck Morse p. 45 http://books.google.co.il/books?id=HGkthBwbNg8C&pg=PA45&dq=Britain+and+Palestine+al-qassam+terror&hl=en&sa=X&ei=LukdT47AJYWA4gTVruDWDQ&ved=0CFYQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Britain%20and%20Palestine%20al-qassam%20terror&f=false

  • War, peace and terror in the Middle East

By Raphael Israeli http://books.google.co.il/books?id=I4B11CFdP-oC&pg=PA7&dq=Britain+and+Palestine+al-qassam+terror&hl=en&sa=X&ei=LukdT47AJYWA4gTVruDWDQ&ved=0CGIQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q&f=false

  • inauthor:"Rashid Khalidi"

http://www.google.co.il/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Rashid+Khalidi%22#q=inauthor%3A%22Rashid+Khalidi%22&hl=en&tbm=bks&ei=LbU2T7TKKYrP-gbD2tTyAQ&start=0&sa=N&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=665309863516daae&biw=1280&bih=681

  • «Al Futuwwah» terror group Al-Husseini

http://www.google.co.il/search?dq=inauthor:%22Tom+Segev%22&hl=ru&redir_esc=y&q=Tom%20Segev%20One%20Palestine%20Complete%20Black%20Hand&sa=N&tab=pw#pq=+%C2%ABal+futuwwah%C2%BB&hl=ru&cp=28&gs_id=20&xhr=t&q=+%C2%ABAl+Futuwwah%C2%BB+terror+group+Al-Husseini&pf=p&sclient=psy-ab&source=hp&pbx=1&oq=+%C2%ABAl+Futuwwah%C2%BB+terror+group+Al-Husseini+&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=&gs_upl=&fp=1&biw=1280&bih=681&cad=b&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb

  • inauthor:"Philip Mattar"

http://www.google.ru/search?hl=ru&newwindow=1&sa=X&tbo=1&biw=1280&bih=637&tbm=bks&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Philip+Mattar%22&ei=G0sbT9z4A4mfOvjX3K0L&ved=0CDUQ9Ag

  • Izz al-Din al-Qassam black hand terror

https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&hl=ru&q=Izz+al-Din+al-Qassam+black+hand+terror&btnG=

  • Gelber, Sylvia

http://www.google.co.il/search?hl=ru&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Daniel+Baracskay%22#pq=inauthor%3A%22gelber%22&hl=ru&ds=bo&cp=14&gs_id=2h&xhr=t&q=Gelber%2C+Sylvia&pf=p&sclient=psy-ab&tbm=bks&source=hp&pbx=1&oq=Gelber,+Sylvia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=&gs_upl=&fp=1&biw=1280&bih=681&bs=1&cad=b&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb

  • Shai Lachman The Case of Sheikh Izz al-Din al-Qassam and His Movement

http://books.google.ru/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC&pg=PA479&dq=Shai+Lachman+The+Case+of+Sheikh+Izz+al-Din+al-Qassam+and+His+Movement&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=pRMbT9GwMpG6hAeA-5W8DA&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=Izz%20al-Din%20al-Qassam&f=false

=

http://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Гольдштейн,_Барух&diff=next&oldid=42099980

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Studies_Association_of_North_America

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Israel_Studies

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Lustick

=

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_casualties_of_war

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_casualties_of_war

Источник — «http://www.jearc.info/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA:Igorp_lj/tmp3»
Личные инструменты
 

Шаблон:Ежевика:Рубрики

Навигация