Шуафат

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{{Остатье
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#redirect [[:ej:Шуафат]]
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| ДАТА СОЗДАНИЯ  =21.11.2011
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[[Image:Shuafat2.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Shuafat, as seen from the south]]
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'''Shu'fat''' ({{lang-ar|شعفاط}}), also ''Shuafat'' and ''Sha'fat'', is a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian Arab]] neighborhood of [[East Jerusalem]], forming part of north-eastern [[Jerusalem]].<ref name=Kershner>{{cite news|title=Under a Divided City, Evidence of a Once United One|author=Isabel Kershner|date=June 5, 2007|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/05/world/middleeast/05jerusalem.html?pagewanted=all|accessdate=2008-01-29 | work=The New York Times}}</ref> Located on the old Jerusalem-[[Ramallah]] road about three miles north of the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]], Shuafat has a population of 35,000 residents. The Shuafat refugee camp, established in 1966, is located on the traditional lands of the town of Shuafat.<ref name=IrAmim>{{cite web|title=Jerusalem Neighborhood Profile: Shuafat Refugee Camp|publisher=Ir Amim|url=http://www.ir-amim.org.il/Eng/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/ShuafatRefugeeCampEng(1).doc|month=August | year=2006|accessdate=2008-02-01|format=DOC}}</ref>
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== History ==
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The place was known to the [[Canaanite language|Canaanite]]s and [[Crusade]]rs as ''Dersophath'';.<ref name=Shahinp334>{{cite book|author=Mariam Shahin|title=Palestine: A Guide|year=2005|publisher=[[Interlink Books]]|isbn=156656557X|page=334}}</ref><ref name=Pringle>{{cite book|title=Secular Buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: An Archaeological|author=Denys Pringle|page=94|year=1997|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=0521460107|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC&pg=PA94&dq=dersophath}}</ref>  Biblical identifications include [[Gebim]], a village in north Jerusalem whose inhabitants fled the approaching [[Assyria]]n army, according to the [[Book of Isaiah]],<ref name=Eerdmans>{{cite book|title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible|page=487|year=2000|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|isbn=0802824005|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA487&dq=shuafat}}</ref> [[Mizpah in Benjamin]],<ref name=Conder3>C. R. Conder, ''Survey of Western Palestine'', Vol. III (1883) pp13-14.</ref> and [[Nob, Israel|Nob]].<ref>C. Geikie, ''The Holy Land and the Bible'' (1887), pp158–159.</ref> Shuafat has been the site of intermittent habitation since at least 2000 BCE,<ref name=Shahinp334/> and a number of ancient artifacts have been discovered there, including the remains of a [[Crusades|Crusader]] structure in the center of the village that was possibly a church.<ref name=Pringle/>
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During an [[archaeology|archaeological]] salvage dig conducted near the Shuafat refugee camp in preparation for the laying of the tracks for the [[Jerusalem Light Rail]] system, the remains of an ancient Roman settlement, dating back to the Roman Empire were discovered. The settlement was described as a 'sophisticated community impeccably planned by the Roman authorities, with orderly rows of houses and two fine public bathhouses to the north.' The findings are said be the first indication of an active Jewish settlement in the area of Jerusalem after the city fell in 70 CE. The main indication that the settlement was a Jewish one is the assemblage of stone vessels found there. Such vessels, for food storage and serving, were only used by Jews because they were believed not to transmit impurity. Archaeologists believe stone basins discovered at the site were used to hold ashes from the destroyed [[Jewish Temple|Temple]].<ref name=Kershner/><ref name=Haaretz>{{cite web|title=Shuafat dig reveals first sign of Jewish life after destruction of Second Temple|author=Amiram Barkat|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=664903|date=2 January 2006|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref>
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In 1596, the village contained 8 Muslim families and paid taxes on wheat, barley, vineyards and other agricultural produce.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Hütteroth|first1=Wolf-Dieter|first2=Kamal|last2=Abdulfattah|year=1977|title=Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century|publisher=Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft|page=120}}</ref> In 1883 it was described as follows: "A small village, standing on a flat spur immediately west of the watershed, surrounded with olive-trees. It has wells to the north. There is a sacred chapel of Sultan Ibrahim in the village."<ref name=Conder3/> The census of 1931 recorded 539 Muslims living there.<ref>Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns, and Administrative Areas (1932), p43</ref>
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The town of Shuafat was to be the most northernmost point of the [[Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)|''corpus separatum'' proposed in 1947 for Jerusalem and its surrounding villages]], which "in view of its association with three world religions" was to be "accorded special and separate treatment from the rest of Palestine and should be placed under effective United Nations control".<ref name=Waart>{{cite book|title=Dynamics of Self-Determination in Palestine: Protection of Peoples As a|author=Paul Jacob Ignatius Maria de Waart|page=216|year=1994|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004082867|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=8bfkImTG1MgC&pg=PA216&dq=accorded+special+and+separate+treatment+from+the+rest+of+Palestine+and+should+be+placed+under+effective+United+Nations+control}}</ref>
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After the [[1948 Arab-Israeli war]], Shuafat was occupied by [[Jordan]], which subsequently, in April 1950, unilaterally declared it had annexed the [[West Bank]] and [[East Jerusalem]]. Construction of the Shuafat refugee camp began in 1964 by the UN, to alleviate the crowded conditions in the [[Askar (camp)|Askar camp]].<ref>Meron Benvenisti, ''Jerusalem: The Torn City,'' Isratypeset, 1976, p.69</ref> Construction was completed in 1966. Upon completion, the [[International Committee of the Red Cross|Red Cross]], on orders of [[King Hussein]], transferred the Arab refugees, originally from [[Ashkelon]] and West Jerusalem, who had settled in the hovels of the burnt out Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem, to the camp.<ref>[http://www.eastsidestory.ps/pdf-files/18BeyondTheWalEng18.doc Beyond the Wall, Ir Amim Report, January 2007]</ref><ref>Doson, Nandita and Sabbah, Abdul Wahad (editors) ''Stories from our Mothers'' (2010). ISBN 978 0 9956136 3 0. Pages 18/19. describes 500 people being moved from the Jewish Quarter/''Harat al-Sharaf''.</ref> According to David Bedein, the wholesale transfer was ordered because Jordan intended to undertake an Arab-style renovation of the Jewish Quarter, but the plan became obsolete when in the aftermath of the [[Six Day War]], the West Bank and East Jerusalem were occupied by Israel.<ref>http://israelbehindthenews.com/Oct-13-98.htm</ref>
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The town of Shuafat and the refugee camp were subsequently annexed by Israel into the municipal area of Jerusalem,<ref name=Kershner/> though recently Prime Minister [[Ehud Olmert]] has questioned whether the annexation of areas like Shuafat into the Jerusalem area was necessary.<ref name=Ynet>{{cite web|title=Olmert hints at possible concessions in Jerusalem|date=October 15, 2007|accessdate=2008-02-01|publisher=[[Ynet]]|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3460183,00.html}}</ref> Residents of Shuafat were offered Israeli citizenship, but most refused it, considering themselves to be illegally occupied, though many accepted permanent residency status instead.<ref name=Kershner/>
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== Today ==
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{{Jerusalem First LRT Line}}
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Shuafat borders [[Pisgat Ze'ev]] and [[Beit Hanina]] on the north, Shuafat refugee camp from the east, [[French Hill]] on the south, and [[Ramot]] on the west.
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Three stations of the First 'Red' Line of the Jerusalem Light Rail will be situated in Shuafat: Shuafat North, Shuafat Central and Shuafat South.<ref>[http://www.citypass.co.il/english/FirstLine4E.aspx Stations]</ref>
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According to Isabel Kershner of the [[New York Times]], Shuafat, like most of the other Arab neighborhoods in Jerusalem, suffers from an absence of municipal planning, overcrowding, and potholed roads.<ref name=Kershner/> While the Shuafat refugee camp is located inside Jerusalem and its residents carry Jerusalem identity cards, the camp itself is largely serviced by the [[United Nations Relief and Works Agency]], even though 40 - 50% of the camp's population are not registered refugees. Some health services are provided by Israeli clinics in the camp, but in general the Israeli presence in the refugee camp is limited to checkpoints controlling entry and exit and Border Police incursions. In addition, unlike other UN-run refugee camps, residents of Shuafat refugee camp pay taxes to the Israeli authorities.<ref name=IrAmin>{{cite web|title=Jerusalem Neighborhood Profile: Shuafat Refugee Camp|publisher=Ir Amin|url=http://www.ir-amim.org.il/Eng/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/ShuafatRefugeeCampEng(1).doc|month=August | year=2006|accessdate=2008-02-01|format=DOC}}</ref>
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In a survey conducted as part of the research for the book ''Negotiating Jerusalem'' (2000), it was reported that 59% of Israeli Jews supported redefining the borders of the city of Jerusalem so as to exclude Arab settlements such as Shuafat, in order to ensure a "Jewish majority" in Jerusalem.<ref name=Segal>{{cite book|title=Negotiating Jerusalem|author=Jerome M. Segal|year=2000|publisher=SUNY Press|page=127|isbn=0791445372|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=fK80bHmpXSUC&pg=PA127&dq=shuafat#PPA127,M1}}</ref>
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In July 2001, the Israeli authorities destroyed 14 homes under construction in Shuafat on the orders of then mayor [[Ehud Olmert]], who said the structures were built without procuring permits. No one was yet living in them.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/violence-flares-in-jerusalem-as-israeli-bulldozers-destroy-dozen-illegal-homes-677285.html Violence flares in Jerusalem as Israeli bulldozers destroy dozen 'illegal' homes]</ref> The families acknowledged they do not own the land they built on, but believed they had permission to build there from Islamic Trust religious authorities. Olmert told Israeli radio that it been designated "green area" and public land - and that the Palestinian presence posed a security threat to a Jewish suburb nearby. It is claimed that it is nearly impossible for Palestinians to get a permit and that these demolitions are part of a campaign to reduce the Arab population of Jerusalem.<ref name=LATimes>{{cite news|title=Israel Razes 14 Arab Homes at Refugee Camp|author=Tracy Wilkinson|date=July 10, 2001|page=in print edition A-4|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2001/jul/10/news/mn-20441|accessdate=2008-09-07 | work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
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Recently however the Sorbonne scholar Prof. Sylvaine Bulle has cited the Shuafat refugee camp  for its urban renewal dynamic, seeing it as an example of a creative adaptation to the fragmented space of the camps towards creating what she calls a bricolage city, with businesses relocating from east Jerusalem there and new investment in commercial projects.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1030932.html Esther Zandberg, 'Their Shoafat outshines her Paris,' Haaretz 26/10/2008]</ref>
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== Transportation ==
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The neighbourhood’s [[Main Street]], Shuafat Road, was previously part of [[Highway 60 (Israel)|route 60]]. In the 1990s a new route was built to the east of the neighbourhood, a dual carriageway with 3 lines in each direction, relieving [[traffic congestion]] along the road.  The [[Jerusalem Light Rail]] has several stops in Shuafat.
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<ref>{{Citation
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| title = The Jerusalem Light Rail Map
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| url = http://www.citypass.co.il/english/FirstLine3bigmappE.htm
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| journal = Citypass
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| accessdate = 2009-11-08
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}}</ref>
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== See also ==
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* [[East Jerusalem]]
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* [[List of places in Jerusalem]]
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{{Palestinian refugee camps}}
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{{coord|31|48|55.00|N|35|13|48.00|E|type:city_region:PS|display=title}}
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[[Category:Palestinian refugee camps in the West Bank]]
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[[Category:Arab neighborhoods in Jerusalem]]
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[[Category:Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem]]
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[[Category:Archaeological sites in the West Bank]]
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== Источники и ссылки ==
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuafat Статья "Shuafat" в английском разделе Википедии]
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{{commons category}}
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* [http://israelbehindthenews.com/Oct-13-98.htm Why is the Shuafat Refugee Camp Seething?]
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*[http://www.unrwa.org/tags.php?tag_id=42 Shu'fat], articles from [[УНРА|UNWRA]]
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{{Neighborhoods of Jerusalem}}
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== Примечания ==
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{{reflist|2}}
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[[Категория:Черновые материалы для работы]]
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  1. redirect ej:Шуафат
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