Мендеш, Аристид де Суша

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| ДАТА СОЗДАНИЯ  =1.11.2011
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}} {{Начало_работы}}
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{{Персона
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|имя              = Аристид де Суша Мендеш
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|оригинал имени  = Aristides de Sousa Mendes
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|портрет          = Aristides20I.jpg
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|размер          = 250px
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|описание        = Аристид де Суша Мендеш
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|имя при рождении = Aristides de Sousa Mendes do Amaral e Abranches
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|род деятельности = Дипломат
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|дата рождения    = 19.07.1885
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|место рождения  = Кабанаш ду Вириату, Висеу, [[Португалия]]
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|гражданство      = [[Португалия]]
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|подданство      =
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|дата смерти      = 03.04.1954
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|место смерти    = [[Лиссабон]]
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|отец            = Жозе де Суша Мендеш (José de Sousa Mendes)
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|мать            = Мария Анжелина Рибейро де Абранчеш де Абреу Кастело-Бранко (Maria Angelina Ribeiro de Abranches de Abreu Castelo-Branco)
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|супруг          =
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|супруга          = Мария Анжелина Рибейро де Абранчеш (Maria Angelina Ribeiro de Abranches)
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|дети            =
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|награды и премии = Медаль [[Праведник мира|Праведника мира]]
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}}
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<!-- | alma_mater                = [[University of Coimbra]]
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| known_for                = Saving the lives of more than 30,000 [[refugee]]s seeking to escape the [[Nazi]] terror during [[World War II]]
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'''Д-р Аристид де Суша Мендеш''' (Dr. Aristides de Sousa Mendes, 19.07.1885 - 03.04.1954) - португальский дипломат, [[праведник мира]].
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Будучи генеральным консулом Португалии в Бордо, выписал 30 тысяч виз и лично сопровождал сотни еврейских беженцев к пограничным пунктам на франко-испанской границе. За то, что де Суша Мендеш действовал вопреки прямым указаниям своего министерства, он был уволен со службы и умер в нищете в Лиссабоне в 1954 году. Он был реабилитирован лишь в 1995 году и даже посмертно награжден медалью за спасение жизней.
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== Источники и ссылки ==
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* [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,487526,00.html Гасан Гусейнов. Загадочная смерть Рауля Валленберга]
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristides_de_Sousa_Mendes Статья "Aristides de Sousa Mendes" в английском разделе Википедии]
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* [http://mvasm.sapo.pt/ Aristides de Sousa Mendes Virtual Museum] (in Portuguese) (archives, documents, interviews, testimonials)
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* [http://www.sousamendes.com/ www.sousamendes.com] (in Portuguese and French)
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* [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Mendes.html Jewish Virtual Library: Aristides de Sousa Mendes]
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* [http://www.worldjewishnewsagency.org/hero_of_the_jewish_people__serie.htm Hero of the People Series: Aristides de Sousa Mendes]
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* [http://www.hearthasreasons.com/bibliography.php Holocaust Rescuers Bibliography]
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* [http://www.aristidesdesousamendes.web.pt Aristides de Sousa Mendes Foundation]
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Примечания
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{{reflist|2}}
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'''Aristides de Sousa Mendes do Amaral e Abranches''', [[Order of Christ (Portugal)|GCC]], [[Order of Liberty|OL]] (July 19, 1885 &ndash; April 3, 1954; {{IPA-pt|ɐɾiʃˈtidɨʒ dɨ ˈsowzɐ ˈmẽdɨʃ}}) was a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Diplomacy|diplomat]]. He ignored and defied the orders of his own government for the safety of war refugees fleeing from invading German military forces in the early years of [[World War II]]. Between June 16 and June 23, 1940, he frantically issued Portuguese [[Visa (document)|visa]]s free of charge, to over 30,000 [[refugee]]s seeking to escape the [[Nazi]] terror, 12,000 of whom were [[Jews]].
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== Early life==
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Aristides de Sousa Mendes was born in [[Cabanas de Viriato]], in [[Carregal do Sal Municipality|Carregal do Sal]], in the [[Viseu (district)|district of Viseu]], [[Centro Region]] of [[Portugal]], on July 19, 1885.  His ancestry included a notable aristocratic line:  his mother, Maria Angelina Ribeiro de Abranches de Abreu Castelo-Branco, was a maternal granddaughter of the 2nd [[Viscount]] of [[Midões (Tábua)|Midões]].  His father, José de Sousa Mendes, had been a [[Judge]] on the [[Portuguese Supreme Court of Justice|Supreme Court]]; and his twin brother, César, would become Foreign Minister in 1932&ndash;33, during [[António de Oliveira Salazar]]'s regime.
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Sousa Mendes and his twin studied law at the [[University of Coimbra]], and each obtained his law degree in 1908.  In that same year, Sousa Mendes married his childhood sweetheart, Maria Angelina Ribeiro de Abranches (born August 20, 1888); they eventually had fourteen children, born in the various countries in which he served.
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Shortly after his marriage, Sousa Mendes began the diplomatic career that would take him and his family around the world.  Early in his career, he served in [[Zanzibar]], [[Kenya]], [[Brazil]], and the [[United States]] before being assigned to [[Antwerp, Belgium]], in 1931.  In Belgium, he met Nobel Prize winners [[Maurice Maeterlinck]] and [[Albert Einstein]].  After almost ten years of dedicated service in [[Belgium]], Sousa Mendes was assigned to the consulate of [[Bordeaux]], [[France]].
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==His acts as diplomat==
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The consul was still in Bordeaux at the outbreak of [[World War II]] and the invasion of France by the [[Nazism|Nazi]] army of [[Adolf Hitler]]. Salazar managed to maintain Portugal's neutrality in the war. On November 11, 1939, he issued orders that consuls were not to issue Portuguese visas to "foreigners of indefinite or contested nationality; the stateless; or Jews expelled from their countries of origin". This order was followed only six months later by one stating that "under no circumstances" were visas to be issued without prior case-by-case approval from [[Lisbon]]. Similar policies against Jewish immigration were adopted much earlier by the United States and the United Kingdom{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}.
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The Jewish Virtual Library biography of Sousa Mendes records the consul's response as follows:
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:"Within days of the new orders, Sousa Mendes was taken to task for having granted a visa to a Viennese refugee, Professor Arnold Wizrntzer. Called to task by his superiors, Sousa Mendes answered: "He informed me that, were he unable to leave France that very day, he would be interned in a concentration [read, detention] camp, leaving his wife and minor son stranded. I considered it a duty of elementary humanity to prevent such an extremity."<ref name="jvl">[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Mendes.html Aristides de Sousa Mendes: The Jewish Virtual Library]</ref>
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Thus it was in a deliberate act of disobedience that Sousa Mendes issued an estimated 30,000 visas to Jews and other persecuted minorities: political dissidents, army officers from occupied countries, and priests and nuns. These visas were not all to individuals, but sometimes to families; in at least one case, the visa covered a family of nine people.<ref name="silva">[http://www.portugal-linha.pt/lusods/english/articles/ena20.html "Portuguese Righteous Gentile," article by Rufina Bernardetti Silva Mausenbaum], Portugal On Line (Portugal Em Linha)</ref> Sousa Mendes was inspired to this act in part through his friendship with [[Rabbi]] [[Chaim Kruger|Chaim (Haim) Kruger]],<ref name="denver">[http://www.cryptojews.com/john_paul_abranches.htm John Paul Abranches Highlights Denver Conference] (Commemorating 500th Anniversary of Forced Conversion of Portuguese Jews),
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reprinted from ''HaLapid'' Fall 1997</ref> who had fled to France from Antwerp.
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The earliest of these visas were issued in the months between the 1939 and mid-1940 decrees, a period during which he attempted to protect his family by sending all but two sons home to Portugal and sending constant telegrams to Lisbon with coded requests for approval of the visas, in order to preserve his post while obeying his conscience. The majority of the visas, however, were issued after a harrowing three-day crisis of conscience in mid-June, 1940, shortly after Franco changed the status of Spain from "neutral" to "non-belligerent",<ref name="jvl"/> which suggested time was running out for Portugal to follow its neighbor. The consul offered a visa to his friend the rabbi, who responded, "I can't accept a visa for us and leave my people behind."<ref name="gp">"A Matter of Conscience," by John Paul Abranches, ''[[Guideposts Magazine|Guideposts]]'', June 1996, pp. 2-6.</ref> The distraught consul took to his bed in confusion from June 14 to the 16th. From his crisis, Sousa Mendes emerged on June 17, 1940, determined to obey what he called a "divine power" and grant visas to everyone in need, at whatever cost to himself.
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==June 17-July 8: the French-Portuguese exodus==
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Working feverishly with Rabbi Kruger, the two remaining Sousa Mendes sons and their mother, and a few refugees, the consul formed an [[assembly line]] that processed visas all through that day and well into the night. They made whatever changes were necessary to the usual procedure: the consul signing with just his surname, not registering the visas or collecting fees, and stamping visas on pieces of paper. The sense of urgency was heightened even more when Marshal [[Philippe Pétain]] announced that day that [[Armistice with France (Second Compiègne)|France would sign a peace agreement with Germany]]. The assembly line kept working all through the following day. A delegate of the [[House of Habsburg]], after having to wait his turn in the seemingly endless line, left with 19 visas for the [[Zita of Bourbon-Parma#Flight to America|imperial family]] of the [[Otto von Habsburg|Archduke]], who later returned in person to obtain an additional stack of visas for [[Austria]]n refugees.
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On into June 19, the assembly line marched on through stacks and stacks of visas, even as the city was bombed by German planes. At this point, Sousa Mendes rushed to the consulate at [[Bayonne]], near the Spanish border where his visas were being honored for the crowds rushing out of the country. Finding that consulate overwhelmed, he took over responsibility from his subordinate there, Consul Machado, and set up a second assembly line to process thousands more exit documents. (Machado reported this behavior to Portugal's ambassador to Spain, [[Pedro Teotónio Pereira]], whose maternal grandfather was [[Germans|German]], who favored Germany and worried that accepting those unacceptable to Hitler would ruin Portugal's relationship with Franco; Teotónio Pereira promptly set out for the French border.)
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Sousa Mendes continued on to [[Hendaye]] to assist there, thus narrowly missing two cablegrams from Lisbon sent June 22 to Bordeaux and Bayonne ordering him to stop even as France's armistice with Germany became official. In an article for a religious magazine in 1996, his son John Paul de Abranches told the story:
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:"As his diplomatic car reached the French border town of Hendaye, my father encountered a large group of stranded refugees for whom he had previously issued visas. Those people had been turned away because the Portuguese government had phoned the guards, commanding, 'Do not honor Mendes's signature on visas.'"
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:"Ordering his driver to slow down, Father waved the group to follow him to a border checkpoint that had no telephones. In the official black limousine with its diplomatic license tags, Father led those refugees across the border toward freedom."<ref name="gp"/>
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Sousa Mendes traveled to the border at [[Irun]] on June 23, where he personally raised the gate to allow disputed passages into Spain to occur. It was at this point that Ambassador Teotónio Pereira arrived at Irun, declared Sousa Mendes mentally incompetent and invalidated all further visas.<ref>The Jewish Virtual Library article notes that a Spanish newspaper headline the next day announced the sudden insanity of "the Consul of Portugal in Bayonne," an ironic error that labeled Sousa Mendes' ''accuser'' as the one who had lost his faculties.</ref> An [[Associated Press]] story the next day reported that some 10,000 persons attempting to cross over into Spain were excluded because authorities no longer granted recognition to their visas.<ref name="jvl"/>
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As Sousa Mendes continued the flow of visas, Salazar sent a telegram on June 24 recalling him to Portugal, an order he received upon returning to Bordeaux on June 26 but followed only slowly, not arriving in Portugal until July 8. Along the way he issued Portuguese passports to refugees now trapped in occupied France, saving them by preventing their deportation to [[concentration camps]].<ref name="jvl"/>
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==Dishonor and disgrace==
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He saved an enormous number of lives, but lost his career for this. In 1941, Salazar lost political trust in Sousa Mendes and forced the diplomat to quit his career, subsequently ordering as well that no one in Portugal show him any charity.<ref name="rw3131">[http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/?en/news/3131.htm Sousa Mendes, With God Against Men], The Raoul Wallenberg Foundation (Argentina)</ref> He found he also could not resume his law career, as he was prevented from registration, and he was made to surrender his foreign-issue driver's license.<ref name="gp"/> Just before the war's end in 1945, he suffered a [[stroke]] that left him at least partially paralyzed. In his later years, the formerly much-honored diplomat was abandoned by most of his colleagues and friends and often blamed by some of his close family members.<ref name="felipe">[http://www.saudades.org/mendes2.htm Words of Remembrance by one of his sons, Luis Felipe], at saudades.org</ref> Aided by a local Jewish refugee agency &mdash; which had begun to feed the family and pay their rent upon discovering the situation &mdash; the children moved to other countries one by one in search of opportunities they were now denied in Portugal, though all accounts by them indicate they never blamed their father or regretted his decision. His wife, Angelina, died in 1948. Stripped of his pension, he died in poverty on April 3, 1954, still in disgrace with his government.
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This ill-treatment by his government for acts considered heroic in other countries was not unique to Sousa Mendes. Others similarly dishonored include [[Chiune Sugihara]], the [[Japan]]ese consul in [[Kaunas]], [[Lithuania]]; [[Carl Lutz]], the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] Vice-Consul in [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]; and [[Paul Grüninger]], chief of police in the Swiss canton of [[Canton of St. Gallen|Sankt-Gallen (Saint-Gall)]]. Ironically, the actions that caused Salazar to dismiss his diplomatic representative brought considerable praise to him and to Portugal, seen internationally as a haven of hospitality for refugee Jews; the magazine ''[[Life magazine|Life]]'' called Salazar "the greatest Portuguese since [[Henry the Navigator]]" (July 29, 1940).<ref name="jvl"/><ref name="gp"/><ref name="felipe"/>
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==Posthumous honors==
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[[File:AristidesPromenade.JPG|thumb|right|Aristides de Sousa Mendes plaza in [[Vienna]]]]
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Family members seeking to clear his name sought to have his story published in magazines and began to contact Jewish visa recipients living in [[New York]]. In 1966 Sousa Mendes was honored at [[Israel]]'s [[Yad Vashem]] memorial to the [[Holocaust]] as one of the "[[Righteous Among The Nations]]," one of the first steps in the long journey. In 1986, inspired by the election of a civilian president in Portugal, his son John Paul Abranches began to circulate a petition to the Portuguese president within his adopted country, the [[United States]]. He and his wife Joan worked with Robert Jacobvitz, an executive at the Jewish Federation of the Greater East Bay (Oakland, CA), to start and run the "International Committee to Commemorate Dr. Aristides de Sousa Mendes." They were able to gain the support of various political actors, including: [[Colette Avital]], the Israeli Ambassador to Portugal who liaised with the Portuguese government;<ref>Jacobvitz, Robert. "[http://www.bjpa.org/Publications/details.cfm?PublicationID=3744 ''Reinstating the Name and Honor of a Portuguese Diplomat Who Rescued Jews During World War II: Community Social Work Strategies'']". Journal of Jewish Communal Service. Jewish Communal Service Association of North America. Spring 2008</ref> and two members of the California delegation of the [[United States House of Representatives]], [[Portuguese-American]] Rep. [[Tony Coelho]] and Rep. [[Henry Waxman]], who had a family member saved by Sousa Mendes' signature, who introduced a resolution in Congress to recognize his humanitarian action (passed in 1987).
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Also in 1987, the Portuguese Republic began to rehabilitate Sousa Mendes' memory and granted a posthumous [[Order of Liberty]] medal, one of that country's highest honors, although the consul's diplomatic honors still were not restored. On March 18, 1988 the [[Assembleia da República|Portuguese parliament]] officially dismissed all charges, restoring him to the diplomatic corps by unanimous vote and honoring him with a [[standing ovation]]. He was promoted to the rank of Ambassador<ref name="AT&T News February 19, 2008">AT&T News February 19, 2008</ref> He also was issued the [[Cross of Merit]] for his actions in Bordeaux. In December of that year, the U.S. Ambassador to Portugal, [[Edward Rowell]] presented copies of the congressional resolution from the previous year to [[Pedro Nuno de Sousa Mendes]], one of the sons who had helped in the assembly line at Bordeaux, and to [[Presidents of Portugal|President]] [[Mário Soares]] at the [[Palácio de Belém]]. In 1994 former President Soares dedicated a bust of Sousa Mendes in Bordeaux, along with a commemorative plaque at 14 quai Louis-XVIII, the address at which the consulate at Bordeaux had been housed.<ref name="juste">Picture available at [http://www.sousamendes.com/ Aristides Sousa Mendes-Le juste de Bordeaux] (The Righteous One of Bordeaux) - site in French and Portuguese</ref>
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In 1995, a commemorative stamp was issued in Portugal.[http://www.caleida.pt/filatelia/aleph/ficha?emi_00_01+7747]
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In 2004, the 50th anniversary of Sousa Mendes' death, the [[International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation]] and the [[Angelo Roncalli]] Committee organized more than 80 commemorations around the world. Religious, cultural and educational activities took place in 30 countries in the five continents.<ref>[http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/?en/saviors/diplomats/mendes/comm/international-acknowledgment.1449.htm "International acknowledgment of Sousa Mendes on the 50th anniversary of his death"] The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation</ref>
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A great homage was done in memory of Aristides Sousa Mendes at [[UNESCO]] Headquarters in [[Paris]] on 11 May and 10 November 2005, in a benefit performance on the occasion of the sixtieth anniversary of UNESCO and the fortieth anniversary of Portugal's admittance. The baritone [[Jorge Chaminé]] gave a recital at the Great Hall. The French writer [[Jean Lacouture]] wrote that "in more than 50 years as a listener all over the world, I never heard such an incredible performance. What a marvellous homage to this great man!"
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The mansion that Sousa Mendes had to abandon and sell in the poverty of his final years was left for decades to rot and decay, and at one time was to be razed and replaced by a hotel. However, with [[reparation (legal)|reparations]] funds given by the Portuguese government to Sousa Mendes' heirs in 2000, the family decided to create the Aristides de Sousa Mendes Foundation (Fundação Aristides de Sousa Mendes, in Portuguese). With assistance from government officials, the foundation purchased the family home in order to develop a museum in his honor.<ref name="soroptimist">[http://www.soroptimist-israel.org/international/asm_testimonial.htm Aristides de Sousa Mendes: A Testimonial] (retrieved August 26, 2006)</ref> The house was classified as a Portuguese National Monument on February 3, 2005. The two events at UNESCO raised a 6,000 [[euro]] donation for the foundation; even so, the foundation's president said in 2006 that the organization was finding it difficult to raise sufficient additional funds for the renovation.<ref name="difficult">[http://noticias.rtp.pt/index.php?article=222383&visual=16 Foundation with "difficulties" in restoring house], LUSA Agency, February 2, 2006 (article in Portuguese)</ref>
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On 14 January 2007, he was voted into the top ten of the poll show [[Os Grandes Portugueses]] ({{lang-en|The Greatest Portuguese}}), on 25 March 2007, the day of the results revelation, he was voted into third place, behind deceased [[Communism|communist]] leader [[Álvaro Cunhal]] (runner-up) and deceased dictator [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] (winner).
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In February 2008, Portuguese Parliamentary Speaker [[Jaime Gama]] led a session which launched a virtual Museum, on the World-Wide Web; it offers access to photographs and other documents chronicling Mendes' life.  The site includes content in Portuguese, but translations into other languages are planned.<ref name="AT&T News February 19, 2008"/>
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==Notable people issued visas by Sousa Mendes==
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* [[Otto von Habsburg]], heir of the Austrian-Hungarian Emperor, who was detested by Hitler and condemned to death by him
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* [[Norbert Gingold]], pianist
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* [[Charles Oulmont]], French writer
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* {{Disambiguation needed|Robert Montgomery|date=June 2011}}
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* The [[Belgian]] cabinet
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* [[Sylvain Bromberger]], Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, [[MIT]]
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==Quotations==
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''I will not condone murder, therefore I disobey and continue to disobey Salazar.''
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''I would rather stand with God against man, than with man against God.''
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''If thousands of Jews suffer because of a non-Jewish demon [Hitler], then surely a Christian can suffer with so many Jews.''<ref>http://www.deolhonamidia.org.br/Publicacoes/mostraPublicacao.asp?tID=161</ref><ref>http://pagesperso-orange.fr/d-d.natanson/aristides_de_souza.htm</ref>
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''I could not have acted otherwise, and I therefore accept all that has befallen me with love.''
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{{wikiquote}}
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==See also==
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*[[Individuals and groups assisting Jews during the Holocaust]]
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*''This article was expanded partially with material from the articles on Sousa Mendes in the Portuguese and French Wikipedias.''
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11. [http://www.att.net/s/editorial.dll?pnum=1&bfromind=7406&eeid=5704108&_sitecat=1505&dcatid=0&eetype=article&render=y&ac=2&ck=&ch=ne&rg=blsadstrgt&_lid=332&_lnm=tg+ne+topnews&ck=ristides de Sousa Mendes, o Cônsul injustiçado, by Diana Andringa, Portugal, 1983
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==Further reading==
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*Fralon, Jose Alain (author) and Graham, Peter (translator). ''A Good Man in Evil Times: The Story of Aristides De Sousa Mendes—The Man Who Saved the Lives of Countless Refugees in World War II''. 2001, Carroll & Graf Publishers, ISBN 0-7867-0848-4.
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[[Category:Персоналии по алфавиту]]
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[[Category:Холокост]]
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[[Category:Праведники мира]]
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[[Category:Антифашисты]]
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Текущая версия на 00:08, 31 мая 2013

  1. redirect ej:Мендеш, Аристид де Суша
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