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| - | '''Dr. Miroslav Šalom Freiberger''' ([[Zagreb]], [[1903]].-[[Auschwitz]], [[1943]].) (židovski oblik imena također se piše '''Shalom''') - posljednji ratni nadrabin Židovske općine u Zagrebu, vjeroučitelj i prevodilac, pisac i duhovni vođa, po školovanju diplomirani pravnik i doktor teoloških znanosti.
| + | #redirect [[:ej:Фрейбергер, Мирослав Шалом]] |
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| - | == Životopis ==
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| - | [[Datoteka:Freiberger_Molitvenik.jpg|mini|300px|desno|Prva stranica židovskog ''Molitvenika'' što ga je [[1938]]. s hebrejskog preveo dr. Šalom M. Freiberger. Objavljen je u [[Zagreb]]u.]]
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| - | U židovskoj je zajednici obavljao najprije dužnost rabina u [[Osijek]]u. Već s 34 godine postao je zagrebački nadrabin, pa je osobitu popularnost stekao među mlađim naraštajima [[Židovi|Židova]], osobito zahvaljujući svojoj komunikativnosti. U godinama koje su neposredno prethodile početku [[Drugi svjetski rat|Drugog svjetskog rata]] sve je snažnije zagovarao [[Cionizam|cionističku]] ideju i povratak Židova u tadašnju [[Palestina|Palestinu]], iako je sam odlučio ostati dok još ima i jednog Židova u Zagrebu.
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| - | Osnutkom [[Nezavisna Država Hrvatska|Nezavisne Države Hrvatske]] i početkom primjene [[rasni zakoni|rasnih zakona]] (vidi [[Nürnberški zakoni ]] i [[Holokaust u NDH]]), Freiberger se zauzeo u spašavanju članova svoje zajednice. Imao je brojne veze sa židovskim organizacijama u [[Italija|Italiji]], [[Mađarska|Mađarskoj]] i [[Švicarska|Švicarskoj]], te izuzetno dobre odnose s [[Katoličanstvo u Hrvata|Katoličkom Crkvom u Hrvatskoj]], a posebice sa zagrebačkim nadbiskupom [[Alojzije Stepinac|Alojzijem Stepincem]]. ''(Vidi članak [[Stepinac i Židovi]].)'' Njegov tadašnji tajnik, [[Amiel Shomrony]], dvaput je podnosio prijedlog da se Stepincu za pomoć Freibergeru i drugim Židovima dodijeli izraelsko priznanje [[Pravednik među narodima]].
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| - | Krajem [[1942]]. otpratio je posljednju skupinu spašenih koji su preko [[Budimpešta|Budimpešte]] i [[Istambul]]a prebačeni u [[Uspostava i povijest Države Izrael|novu domovinu]]. Među njima je, uz deset maloljetnih djevojčica i dječaka, bio i njegov šesnaestogodišnji sin Ruben.
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| - | Unatoč pokušajima nadbiskupa Stepinca da ga spasi, u proljeće [[1943]]. Freibergera su uhitile [[Ustaše|ustaške]] vlasti, a Nijemci su ga s posljednjim transportom Židova iz Hrvatske prevezli u [[Auschwitz]]. Ondje je poginuo na samom ulazu, kad je prosvjedovao protiv neljudskog postupka prema članovima njegove zajednice.
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| - | == Izdavačka djelatnost ==
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| - | Još kao rabin u Osijeku bio je zapaženi člankopisac, a članci su mu objavljivani u zagrebačkom časopisu "Židov". Posebno se bavio pitanjem ustrojstva i djelovanja židovske općine u europskoj dijaspori u razdoblju srednjeg i novog vijeka, te o tome objavljivao i radove.
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| - | Budući da se uvijek osjećao pripadnikom i židovskog naroda i hrvatske kulture, tu je svoju dvostruku pripadnost iskazivao i dvostrukim imenom.
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| - | Svoja djela iz područja duhovnosti, namijenjena prvotno židovskoj zajednici, potpisivao je kao Šalom M. Freiberger, dok je djela od šireg društvenog interesa i svjetovnog karaktera potpisivao kao Miroslav Š. Freiberger.
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| - | Uz ostalo, Miroslav Šalom Freiberger s hebrejskog je preveo i ''Molitvenik'' koji je izašao u izdanju Biblioteke Jevrejskog narodnog kalendara u Zagrebu [[1938]]. (Reprinti izdanje: Židovska općina Zagreb, [[1998]].).
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| - | {{GLAVNIRASPORED:Freiberger Šalom, Miroslav}}
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| - | == Источники и ссылки ==
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| - | * [http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_Šalom_Freiberger Статья "" в хорватском разделе Википедии]
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| - | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_%C5%A0alom_Freiberger Статья "" в английском разделе Википедии]
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| - | '''Miroslav Šalom Freiberger''' (born 1904 [[Zagreb]], Croatia, died c. {{Dts|1943|May|3}} Auschwitz) was [[chief rabbi]] of Zagreb and a [[catechist]], translator, writer and spiritual leader. He was educated as a lawyer and doctor of theology.
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| - | ==Biography==
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| - | Freiberger's first work in the Jewish community was as a rabbi in [[Osijek]], Slavonia. When he was 34 years old he became [[chief rabbi]] of [[Zagreb]], where he became popular among the younger Jews, thanks especially to his communicativeness. In the years prior to the onset of World War II, he was a strong advocate of [[Zionism]] and the return of Jews to what was then the [[British Mandate for Palestine]]. However, he decided to stay in Zagreb while there was still even one Jew left there.
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| - | With the foundation of the [[Independent State of Croatia]] and the first application of racial laws, Freiberger made efforts to rescue the Jews there. He had many connections with Jewish organizations in Italy, Hungary and Switzerland, and extremely good relations with the [[Catholic Church in Croatia]], especially with [[Alojzije Stepinac]], Archbishop of Zagreb. Archbishop Stepinac urged Freiberger and his family to take refuge in his court until the end of the war. However, Freiberger declined the offer since he wanted to share the destiny of his people.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hic.hr/dom/262/dom19.htm|title="Otvoreno pismo Zidovskoj opcini u Zagrebu i Drustvu Hrvatsko-izraelskog prijateljstva"|publisher=Hrvatski Informativni Centar}} {{hr icon}}</ref><ref name=croatianhistory>{{cite web | last=Zubrinic | first=Darko | url=http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/jews.html | title= "Cardinal Alojzije Stepinac and saving the Jews in Croatia during the WW2" | date=1997 | accessdate=January 19, 2011}}</ref> At the end of 1942 he escorted the last group of rescued Jews to [[Budapest]] and [[Istanbul]], from where they were transferred to the British Mandate for Palestine. Among them, with ten underage girls and boys, was his sixteen year old son Ruben. The group had received travel documents only after Stepinac and Vatican officials had intervened with the Croatian authories.<ref>{{cite book | title=Holokaust u Zagrebu | first=Ivo | last=Goldstein | publisher=Novi Liber | year=2001 |page=441}} {{hr icon}}</ref>
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| - | Despite the efforts of Archbishop Stepinac to save him, in the spring of 1943 Freiberger was arrested by the [[Ustasha]] regime, when [[Heinrich Himmler]] himself arrived in Zagreb, dissatisfied with the way the regime was "solving the [[Final Solution|Jewish question]]" in Croatia. Stepinac immediately sent a request for his liberation to state officials, but without success.<ref name=croatianhistory/> On May 3, 1943, with the last transport of Jews from Croatia, the [[Nazism|Nazis]] transported him from Zagreb Main Station to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]].<ref name=croatianhistory/> He was killed at the camp entrance when he protested against the inhumane procedures inflicted on the members of his community.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.danas.org/content/Treba_li_povuci_tuzbu_za_genocid/2214229.html|title=Treba li povući tužbu za genocid?|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |last = Šaškor |first=Ines| date=November 8, 2010}} {{hr icon}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.matica.hr/Kolo/kolo2006_1.nsf/AllWebDocs/goldstein|title=Moj otac| first=Slavko |last=Goldstein|publisher=[[Matica hrvatska]] |year=2006 |issn=1331-0992}} {{hr icon}}</ref>
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| - | [[Amiel Shomrony]], Freiberger's former secretary, and Igor Primorac filed two motions to recognize Stepinac as [[righteous among the nations]] for helping Freiberger in saving the Jewish people of his community.<ref name=croatianhistory/>
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| - | ==Bibliography==
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| - | {{Unreferenced section|date=May 2011}}
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| - | Even as a rabbi in Osijek, Freiberger was a noted writer, dealing especially with issues of the organization and operation of the Jewish community in the European diaspora during the middle and modern ages. His articles were published in the Jewish community magazine ''Jew''. Since he always considered himself both a Jew and a Croat, he expressed his dual background with alternative versions of his name. His works in the field of spirituality, originally intended for the Jewish community, he signed as "Shalom M. Freiberger", while those of a wider public and secular interest he signed as "Miroslav Š. Freiberger". Among other things, Freiberger translated a prayer from Hebrew, which was released by the Jewish National Library in Zagreb 1938 and reprinted by the Jewish Community of Zagreb in 1998.
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| - | ==References==
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| - | {{Reflist|2}}
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| - | {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
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| - | | NAME = Freiberger, Miroslav Šalom
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| - | | ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
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| - | | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Croatian rabbi
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| - | | DATE OF BIRTH = 1903
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| - | | PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Zagreb]], [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Monarchy]]
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| - | | DATE OF DEATH = 1943
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| - | | PLACE OF DEATH = [[Auschwitz concentration camp]], [[Oświęcim]], [[Poland]]
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| - | }}
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| - | {{DEFAULTSORT:Freiberger, Miroslav Salom}}
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| - | [[Категория:Черновые материалы для работы]]
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