Фоли, Фрэнсис

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| ДАТА СОЗДАНИЯ  =23/11/2012
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{{Персона
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|имя              = Фрэнсис Эдуард Фоли
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|оригинал имени  = Francis Edward Foley
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|портрет          = Frank_foley.jpg
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|размер          = 220px
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|описание        =
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|имя при рождении =
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|род деятельности = Британский разведчик
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|дата рождения    = 24.11.1884
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|место рождения  = Хайбридж, [[Великобритания]]
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|гражданство      = [[Великобритания]]
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|подданство      =
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|дата смерти      = 8.05.1958
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|место смерти    = Стурбридж, [[Великобритания]]
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Major '''Francis Edward Foley''' [[Order of St Michael and St George|CMG]] (24 November 1884, [[Highbridge, Somerset]]&nbsp;– 8 May 1958, [[Stourbridge]]) was a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Secret Intelligence Service]] officer.  As a [[passport control officer]] for the [[Embassy of the United Kingdom in Berlin|British embassy in Berlin]], Foley "[[bent the rules]]" and helped thousands of Jewish families escape from [[Nazi Germany]] after [[Kristallnacht]] and before the outbreak of the [[Second World War]].<ref>Mordecai Paldiel, ''Diplomat Heroes of the Holocaust'' (KTAV Publishing House, Inc., 2007), pp8-17</ref>
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== Early life ==
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He was the third son of an Irish railway worker and after attending local schools won a scholarship to [[Stonyhurst College]], [[Lancashire]] where he was educated by the [[Jesuits]]. He then went to a [[Catholic]] [[seminary]] in [[France]] to train as a priest but transferred to the [[Université de France]] in [[Poitiers]] to study [[Classics]]. While there he reconsidered his vocation for the priesthood and decided instead to pursue an academic career. He travelled extensively in [[Europe]], becoming fluent in both French and [[German language|German]].
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== First World War ==
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Foley was in [[Hamburg]] studying philosophy, when the [[United Kingdom]] [[Declaration of war|declared war]] on [[Germany]] in [[World War I|August 1914]]. He made his way through Germany towards northern [[Holland]] by borrowing a military uniform and posing as a [[Prussian Army]] officer. Exchanging the uniform for civilian clothes, he managed to get to [[Emden]], and with the help of a local priest found some fishermen who ferried him into neutral Holland. He made his way back to Highbridge and took a job as an assistant master at [[Bengeo]] [[University-preparatory school|Preparatory School]] while considering what to do next.
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At the end of 1915 he decided to join the army, and entered the [[Inns of Court]] [[Officer Training Corps]], originally restricted to [[barrister]]s before the rules were relaxed to include university and public school entrants. He received his commission as a [[Second Lieutenant]] in the [[Hertfordshire Regiment]] in January 1917, and was posted to [[France]] and the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], where he was promoted to acting Captain. He was wounded in the chest while fighting near [[Ecoust-Saint-Mein]] and evacuated back to England.<ref>{{cite book |last=Green |first=Tess |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Foley's war In: Past Somerset Times: Illustrated Studies of the Counties Rich History: v. 2 |year=2005 |publisher=Fiducia Press |location= |isbn=0-946217-22-X }}</ref><ref>Michael Smith, ''Foley: The spy who saved 10,000 Jews'', Hodder & Stoughton, 1995, London, ISBN 0-340-71850-1.</ref>
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Foley had been lucky to escape; within a few hours savage fighting, the strength of his unit had been cut by two thirds. The bullet had damaged his left lung, and after convalescence and recuperation, he was ruled no longer fit for front-line duty and sent on leave.
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== Joining secret service ==
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By the time he returned, the story of his escape from Germany and his language skills had been noted by someone at the [[War Office]]. He was encouraged to apply for the [[Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)|Intelligence Corps]].<ref name = "Smith"/> In July 1918 he became part of a small unit which was responsible for recruiting and running networks of secret agents in France, Belgium and Holland. After a few weeks he was sent to France, where after the [[Armistice with Germany (Compiegne)|Armistice]] he served for a short time in the [[Inter-Allied Military Commission of Control]] in [[Cologne]]. After the running down of the Commission, he was subsequently offered the post of passport control officer in [[Berlin]] which was in fact a cover for his main duties as head of the British [[Secret Intelligence Service]] ([[MI6]]) station.<ref name="todayprog">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7739000/7739034.stm |title=Unknown heroes  |accessdate=October 12, 2012 |work=[[BBC Today]] |date= 20 November 2008}}</ref> During the 1920s and 30s, Foley was successful in recruiting agents and acquiring key details of [[Germany|German]] military research and development.<ref name = "Smith"/>
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Foley is primarily remembered as a "British [[Oscar Schindler|Schindler]]". In his role as passport control officer he helped thousands of [[Jew]]s escape from [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[Germany]]. At the 1961 trial of former ranking Nazi [[Adolf Eichmann]], he was described as a "[[Scarlet Pimpernel]]" for the way he risked his own life to save Jews threatened with death by the Nazis. Despite having no [[diplomatic immunity]] and being liable to arrest at any time, Foley would bend the rules when stamping passports and issuing visas, to allow Jews to escape "legally" to [[UK|Britain]] or [[Palestine]], which was then controlled by the British. Sometimes he went further, going into internment camps to get Jews out, hiding them in his home, and helping them get forged passports. One Jewish aid worker estimated that he saved "tens of thousands" of people from the [[Holocaust]].
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== Second World War and after ==
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At the [[World War II|outbreak of war]] Foley was recalled to London. In 1941, he was given the task of questioning Hitler's Deputy [[Rudolf Hess]], after Hess's flight to Scotland. After Hess was hospitalised in 1942, Foley helped co-ordinate [[MI5]] and MI6 in running a network of double agents called the [[Double Cross System]].  He returned to Berlin after the war, where he was involved in hunting for ex-[[SS]] members.
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In 1949 Foley retired to [[Stourbridge]], a town in the [[Black Country]], and died there in 1958; he is buried in Stourbridge Cemetery.
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== Posthumous recognition ==
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Foley was accorded the status of a [[Righteous Among the Nations]] by [[Israel]]'s [[Yad Vashem]] as a direct result of testimony from "living witnesses" found by [[Michael Smith (newspaper reporter)|Michael Smith]] while researching his biography of Foley. [[Greville Janner, Baron Janner of Braunstone|Lord Janner]], chairman of the [[Holocaust Educational Trust]], was instrumental in persuading [[Yad Vashem]] to look at Smith's evidence. Some members of the [[Yad Vashem]] committee that determines whether someone should be named as a "righteous gentile" were initially sceptical that a [[Secret Intelligence Service|MI6]] officer would not have diplomatic immunity but the then [[Foreign Office]] historian Gill Bennett produced previously classified documents that demonstrated this to be the case. The cover of Smith's book in fact features the photograph from Foley's first diplomatic passport with the date it was issued clearly shown as 11 August 1939.<ref name="Smith">Michael Smith,''Foley: The spy who saved 10,000 Jews'', Hodder & Stoughton, 1999. ISBN 0-340-76603-4.</ref>
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In 2004 a remembrance plaque was dedicated to him at the entrance to Stourbridge's Mary Stevens Park.<ref>[http://www.stourbridge.com/htm/frnfoley.htm Plaque recognises the "Stourbridge Schindler"]</ref> The following year volunteers from Highbridge, Foley's birthplace, raised money to erect their own tribute.
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[[Image:Frankfoleystatue.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Statue of Frank Foley in Highbridge, UK.]]
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A statue was commissioned from sculptor [[Jonathan Sells]] and unveiled on the anniversary of [[VE Day]], which is also the anniversary of his death.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/somerset/content/articles/2005/05/05/frank_foley_statue_unveiled_feature.shtml Highbridge honours Frank Foley with statue], BBC, 5 May 2005</ref> The 'Frank Foley Parkway' between Highbridge and Burnham on Sea opened on 7 July 2009.
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[[Файл:Frankfoleystatue.JPG|250px|right|thumb|Statue of Frank Foley in Highbridge, UK]]
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In 2007, a film about Foley's life was in the planning stages, but the producers were then taking legal action against [[Secret Intelligence Service|MI6]] to release still-classified documents related to his work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burnhamandhighbridgeweeklynews.co.uk/news/1150937.cherie_blair_could_help_foley_film/|title=Cherie Blair could help Foley Film|date=26 January 2007|publisher=Burnham and Highbridge Weekly News|accessdate=27 March 2009}}</ref>
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On 24 November 2004 (the 120th anniversary of his birth) descendants of Foley, relatives of those he saved, representatives of Jewish organisations, British MPs and other well-wishers gathered at the British Embassy for the unveiling of a plaque in honour of Foley.
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The then Foreign Secretary [[Jack Straw]] praised Foley's heroism:  'Frank Foley risked his life to save the lives of thousands of German Jews. Without the protection of diplomatic immunity he visited internment camps and sheltered Jewish refugees in his house. Frank Foley was a true British hero. It is right that we should honour him at the British Embassy in Berlin, not far from where he once worked.'
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On 31 May 2009, a garden was dedicated in his memory at London's [[Sternberg Centre]], where a plaque was unveiled by [[Cherie Booth]].
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In 2010, Foley was posthumously named a [[British Hero of the Holocaust]] by the British Governnment.<ref name=Telegraph9Mar2010>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/britainatwar/7402443/Britons-honoured-for-holocaust-heroism.html |title=Britons honoured for holocaust heroism |publisher=The Telegraph |date=9 March 2010 |accessdate=9 March 2010| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5o6rljVNN |archivedate=9 March 2010 | location=London}}</ref> -->
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== Примечания ==
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{{reflist}}
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== Литература ==
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* Michael Smith. ''Foley: The spy who saved 10,000 Jews''. Hodder, 1999. ISBN 0-340-76603-4.
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== Источники  и ссылки ==
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Foley Статья "Frank Foley" в английском разделе Википедии]
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* [http://www.burnhamandhighbridgeweeklynews.co.uk/news/bhnewsburnham/display.var.953687.0.spacey_or_hopkins_for_foley_film.php Burnham and Highbridge Weekly News. ''Kevin Spacey or Anthony Hopkins for Frank Foley Film?''.]
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* Daily Telegraph: Mrs Foley's diary solves the mystery of Hess By Michael Smith [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/core/Content/displayPrintable.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/12/27/whess27.xml&site=5&page=0]
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* BBC: Inside Out: Foley The Quiet Briton [http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/west/series7/frank_foley.shtml]
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* [http://christianactionforisrael.org/antiholo/foley.html A Big Little Man&nbsp;— Proving a Gentile was Righteous]
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* Cherie Blair could help Foley Film [http://www.burnhamandhighbridgeweeklynews.co.uk/display.var.1150937.0.cherie_blair_could_help_foley_film.php]
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[[Category:Персоналии по алфавиту]]
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[[Category:Вторая мировая война]]
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[[Category:Антифашисты]]
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<!-- [[Category:British Roman Catholics]]
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[[Category:People from Highbridge, Somerset]]
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[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
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[[Category:British people of World War II]]
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[[Category:People educated at Stonyhurst College]]
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[[Category:British Righteous Among the Nations]]
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[[Category:British humanitarians]]
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[[Category:English Roman Catholics]]
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[[Category:English people of Irish descent]]
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[[Category:British intelligence operatives]]
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[[Category:Double Cross System]]
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[[Category:Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
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[[Category:Catholic Righteous Among the Nations]]-->
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