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- | '''Росси, Саломоне Деи''' (Rossi, Salomone dei; также Саламон де Росси; на иврите Шломо Мин hа-Адуммим) по прозвищу л’Эбрео (`еврей`; 1570?, Мантуя, – 1630?, там же?), композитор эпохи Возрождения в [[Италия|Италии]]. Предположение, что Росси — сын Азарии бен Моше деи Росси, спорно, но оба принадлежали к одной семье (см. [[Росси, Азария|Азария бен Моше деи Росси]]). Сведения о личной жизни Росси скудны. Всю жизнь он провел в [[Мантуя|Мантуе]] и был близок ко двору герцога Винченцо I Гонзага (сохранилась композиция, написанная в 1589 г. или раньше, посвященная герцогу). Он был освобожден от ношения [[Отличительный Знак|отличительного знака]], выступал при дворе, однако никогда не числился официально придворным музыкантом. Возглавляемый им оркестр (существовавший, вероятно, при еврейском театре Мантуи) завоевал популярность и получал приглашения на гастроли от правителей других итальянских государств. Имя Росси как исполнителя на виоле да гамба встречается на платежных ведомостях до 1622 г., прижизненные издания его композиций охватывают период 1589–1628 гг. После разгрома и разграбления Мантуи австрийцами (1628–30) многие евреи-музыканты города переселились в [[Гетто|гетто]] города [[Венеция]]. Там существовала еврейская музыкальная академия, хором которой руководил друг Росси — [[Модена, Леоне|Л. Модена]], популяризировавший его композиции. Но неизвестно, был ли членом музыкальной академии сам Росси.
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- | В творчестве Росси отражены как традиции вокальной полифонии (мадригалы, канцонетты), так и новые тенденции инструментальной музыки 17 в. Многие его произведения многократно переиздавались и продолжают издаваться. В 1589 г. вышел первый сборник его канцонетт, на протяжении 1600–1622 гг. — шесть сборников канцонетт и мадригалов. Выходили также сборники его «симфоний», «сонат» (в старом смысле этих терминов) и произведений других жанров. Росси написал музыку для интермедии к драме «Идропика» (поставлена при мантуанском дворе, 1608) и, совместно с К. Монтеверди, — музыку к представлению «Маддалена» («Магдалина», издано 1617).
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- | Велики заслуги Росси (имевшего звание [[Раввин|раввина]]) в области еврейской [[Литургия|литургии]]. Он стремился ввести стиль многоголосого пения a capella (до восьми голосов) в синагогальную службу. Основной его труд в этой области — «hа-ширим ашер ли-Шломо» («Песни Соломона»; итальянское название — «[Еврейские] псалмы и песни»; Венеция, 1622–23) включает около 30 музыкальных произведений. В новое время большинство их (и ряд других сочинений Росси) переиздано [[Наумбург, Шмуэль|Ш. Наумбургом]] (1877), Ф. Рикко (в 3-х т., 1967–71) и другими. Используя сочинения Росси, [[Маяни, Амми|А. Маяни]] в 1962 г. создал произведение для струнного оркестра под тем же названием — «hа-ширим ашер ли-Шломо». О вкладе Росси в музыку отдельных еврейских молитв см. также [[Каддиш]]; [[Кдушша]].
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- | Сестра Росси — певица, имевшая прозвище Мадама Эуропа (видимо, в связи с исполнением ею партии Европы в одной из опер). Ее сыновья, Ансельмо, Анджело и Бонаюто (Азария), были сочинителями балетов, музыкантами (арфа, гитара) и придворными учителями музыки. Анджело и его сыновья Джузеппе и Бонаюто состояли музыкантами при савойском дворе в [[Турин|Турине]] в период 1608–1649 гг.
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- | {{ElevenCopyRight|13586|РОССИ Саломоне деи}}
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- | [[Категория:ФОЛЬКЛОР. ЕВРЕЙСКОЕ ИСКУССТВО]]
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- | [[Категория:Музыка]]
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- | <!-- [[File:Salamone Rossi madrigaletti.jpg|thumb|Opening of Rossi's Madrigaletti, Venice, 1628]]
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- | '''Salamone Rossi''' or Salomone Rossi ({{lang-he|סלומונה רוסי or שלמה מן האדומים}}) ('''Salamon, Schlomo; de' Rossi''') (c. 1570 – 1630) was an [[Italy|Italian]] Jewish [[violin]]ist and composer. He was a transitional figure between the late Italian [[Renaissance music|Renaissance]] period and early [[Baroque music|Baroque]].
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- | ==Life==
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- | As a young man, Rossi, who was [[Judaism|Jewish]], acquired a reputation as a talented violinist. He was then hired (in 1587) as a court musician in [[Mantua]], where records of his activities as a violinist survive.
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- | Rossi served at the court of Mantua from 1587 to 1628 as concertmaster<ref name=gmotv>{{cite book |title= Great Masters of the Violin|last= Schwarz|first= Boris|year= 1983|publisher= Simon and Schuster|location= New York|isbn= 0-671-22598-7|pages= 35-36}}</ref> where he entertained the ducal family and their highly esteemed guests. The composers Rossi, [[Claudio Monteverdi|Monteverdi]], [[Giovanni Giacomo Gastoldi|Gastoldi]], [[Giaches de Wert|Wert]] and [[Lodovico Grossi da Viadana|Viadana]] provided fashionable music for banquets, wedding feasts, theatre productions and chapel services amongst others. Rossi was so well-thought of at this court that he was excused from wearing the [[yellow badge]] required of his nationality.<ref name=gmotv/>
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- | Salamone Rossi probably died either in the invasion of [[Austria]]n troops, who defeated the Gonzagas and destroyed the [[Jewish ghettos in Europe|Jewish ghetto in Mantua]], or in the subsequent plague which ravaged the area.
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- | Rossi's sister, [[Madama Europa]], was an opera singer, and possibly the first Jewish woman to be professionally engaged in that area. She is reported to have premiered ''Lamento d'Arianna'' of Claudio Monteverdi - in whose orchestra Rossi played violin - for the Duke of Gonzaga. She also disappeared after the end of the Gonzaga court and subsequent sack of the ghetto.
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- | ==Works==
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- | ===Italian===
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- | His first published work (released in 1589) was a collection of 19 [[canzonetta|canzonette]]s, short, dance-like compositions for a trio of voices with lighthearted, amorous lyrics. Rossi also flourished in his composition of more serious [[madrigal (music)|madrigal]]s, combining the poetry of the greatest poets of the day (e.g. [[Giovanni Battista Guarini|Guarini]], [[Giambattista Marino|Marino]], [[Cesare Rinaldi|Rinaldi]], and [[Angelo Grillo|Celiano]]) with his melodies. In 1600, in the first two of his five [[madrigal (music)|madrigal]] books, Rossi published the earliest [[basso continuo|continuo]] madrigals, an innovation which partially defined the beginning of the Baroque era in music; these particular compositions included [[tablature]] for [[chitarrone]].<ref>Haar, et al.</ref>
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- | Rossi published 150 secular works in Italian, including:
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- | '''Canzonette a 3, Libro primo'''
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- | * I bei ligustri, for 3 voices - Boston Early Music Ensemble
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- | * Correte amanti, for 3 voices - Boston Early Music Ensemble
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- | * S'el Leoncorno, for 3 voices - Boston Early Music Ensemble
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- | '''Madrigali a 5, Libro primo'''
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- | * Cor Mio, madrigal for 5 voices - Boston Early Music Ensemble
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- | * Dir mi che piu non ardo, madrigal for 5 voices - Boston Early Music Ensemble
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- | ===Instrumental===
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- | In the field of instrumental music Rossi was a bold innovator. He was one of the first composers to apply to instrumental music the principles of [[monody|monodic]] song, in which one melody dominates over secondary accompanying parts. His [[trio sonata|trio sonatas]], among the first in the literature, provided for the development of an idiomatic and virtuoso [[violin]] technique. They stand mid-way between the homogeneous textures of the instrumental [[canzona]] of the late Renaissance and the trio sonata of the mature Baroque.
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- | Works published, and preserved today include:
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- | * Il primo libro delle sinfonie e gagliarde a 3-5 voci (1607)
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- | * Il secondo libro delle sinfonie e gagliarde a 3-5 voci (1608)
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- | * Il terzo libro de varie sonate, sinfonie.. (1613)
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- | * Il quarto libro de varie sonate, sinfonie.. (1622)
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- | ===Hebrew===
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- | Rossi also published a collection of Jewish liturgical music, השירים אשר לשלמה ''(Ha-shirim asher li-Shlomo, The Songs of Solomon)'' in 1623. This was written in the Baroque tradition and (almost) entirely unconnected to traditional Jewish cantorial music. This was an unprecedented development in synagogal music, as until recently polyphonic music in the synagogue had been forbidden following the destruction of the [[Second Temple|Temple]]. The biblical ''[[Song of Solomon]]'' does not appear within ''The Songs of Solomon'', hence the name is probably a pun on Rossi's first name (Rikko 1969). Rossi set many Biblical Hebrew texts to music in their original Hebrew language, which makes him unique among Baroque composers. His vocal music resembles that of Claudio Monteverdi and Luigi Rossi, but its lyrics are in Hebrew.
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- | *Adon 'olam (8v) [[piyyut]] -- Boston Camerata, Milnes Vol.I,
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- | *'Al naharot bavel (4v) Ps.137 -- Profeti della Quinta (2009) Milnes Vol.II,
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- | *Barekhu (3v) prayer -- Profeti della Quinta (2009), Boston Camerata, Milnes Vol.I,
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- | *Barukh haba beshem Adonai (6v) Ps.118:26-29 -- Boston Camerata Milnes Vol.II,
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- | *Eftah na sefatai (7v) piyyut -- Milnes Vol.II,
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- | *Eftah shir bisfatai (8v) piyyut -- Boston Camerata, Milnes Vol.II,
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- | *Ein keloheinu (8v) piyyut -- Milnes Vol.I,
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- | *Ele mo'adei Adnonai (3v) Lev.23:4 -- Milnes Vol.II,
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- | *Elohim hashivenu Ps.80:4,8,20 -- Profeti della Quinta (2009), Milnes Vol.I,
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- | *Haleluyah. Ashrei ish yare et Adonai (8v) Ps.112 -- Milnes Vol.I,
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- | *Haleluyah. Haleli nafshi (4v) Ps.146 -- Milnes Vol.I,
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- | *Haleluyah. Ode Adonai (8v) Ps.111 -- Milnes Vol.I,
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- | *Hashkivenu (5v) prayer -- Profeti della Quinta (2009), Milnes Vol.I,
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- | *Keter yitenu lakh (4v) Great [[kedusha]] -- Profeti della Quinta (2009), Milnes Vol.I,
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- | *Lamnatseah 'al hagitit (5v) Ps.8 -- Profeti della Quinta (2009) Milnes Vol.II,
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- | *Lamnatseah 'al hasheminit (3v) Ps.12 -- Milnes Vol.II,
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- | *Lamnatseah binginot mizmor shir (3v or 4v) Ps.67 -- Milnes Vol.I,
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- | *Lemi ehpots (3v) Wedding ode -- Profeti della Quinta (2009), Milnes Vol.II,
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- | *Mizmor le'Asaf. Elohim nitsav (3v) Ps.82 -- Milnes Vol.I,
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- | *Mizmor leDavid. Havu lAdonai (6v) Ps.29 -- Milnes Vol.I,
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- | *Mizmor letoda (5v) Ps.100 -- Milnes Vol.II,
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- | *Mizmor shir leyom hashabat (6v) Ps.92 -- Milnes Vol.I,
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- | *Odekha ki'anitani (6v) Ps.118:21-24 -- Milnes Vol.II,
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- | *Shir hama'alot. Ashrei kol yere Adonai (3v) Ps.128 -- Milnes Vol.II,
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- | *Shir hama'alot. Ashrei kol yere Adonai (5v) Ps.128 -- Milnes Vol.II,
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- | *Shir hama'alot. Ashrei kol yere Adonai (6v) Ps.128 -- Milnes Vol.II,
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- | *Shir hama'alot. Beshuv Adonai (5v) Ps.126 - Milnes Vol.II,
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- | *Shir hama'alot leDavid. Lulei Adonai (6v) Ps.124 Milnes Vol.II,
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- | *Shir hama'alot. Esa'einai (5v) Ps.121 -- Milnes Vol.I,
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- | *Yesusum midbar vetsiya (5v) Isaiah 35:1-2,5-6,10 -- Milnes Vol.II,
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- | *Yigdal Elohim hai (8v) piyyut -- Milnes Vol.I,
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- | *Yitgadal veyitkadesh (3v) Full [[kaddish]] -- Milnes Vol.I,
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- | *Yitgadal veyitkadesh (5v) Full kaddish -- Profeti della Quinta (2009), Milnes Vol.I,
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- | ==Notes==
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- | {{reflist}}
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- | ==References==
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- | *Birnbaum, Eduard (1978) ''Jewish musicians at the court of the Mantuan dukes, 1542-1628,'' Tel-Aviv : Tel-Aviv University, Faculty of Fine Arts, School of Jewish Studies, 1978, c1975
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- | * James Haar, Anthony Newcomb, Glenn Watkins, Nigel Fortune, Joseph Kerman, Jerome Roche: "Madrigal", in ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. ISBN 1-56159-174-2
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- | *[[Don Harrán|Harran, Don]] (2003). ''Salamone Rossi: Jewish Musician in Late Renaissance Mantua.'' Oxford University Press. 332 pages. ISBN 0-19-816271-5
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- | *Nettle, Paul and Theodore Baker (1931). "Some Early Jewish Musicians" in ''The Musical Quarterly'', Vol. 17, No. 1. (Jan., 1931), pp. 40–46. ISSN 0027-4631 .
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- | *Rikko, Fritz (1969). "Salamon Rossi, Hashirim Asher L'shlomo (The Songs of Solomon)" in ''The Musical Quarterly'', Vol. 55, No. 2 (Apr., 1969), pp. 269–275
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- | ==External links==
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- | *{{WIMA|idx=Rossi|name=Salamone Rossi}}
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- | *{{IMSLP|id=Rossi, Salamone}}
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- | *{{ChoralWiki}}
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- | *[http://www.zamir.org/composers/rossi/rossi-mon.html The Choral Music of Salamone Rossi] (longer article)
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- | *[http://www.zamir.org/Features/Italy/JacobsonRossi.shtml The Choral Music of Salamone Rossi] (shorter article)
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- | *[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=434&letter=R Jewish Encyclopedia]
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- | *Audio: ''[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HubKpEPkkYw Al Naharot Bavel]'' (''By the Rivers of Babylon''), Psalm 137, from ''The Songs of Solomon''.
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- | ==Recordings==
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- | * Rossi: (1) Vocal Works, (2) Madrigals, (3) Canti di Salomone. 3CD licensed from Tactus Records Italy to Brilliant Classics, Netherlands. BLC 93359
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- | : Madrigaletti op. XIII - Ensemble L'aura soave. Diego Cantalupi TC.571802 2000
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- | : Primo libro di madrigali a 4 voci - Arie a voce sola dal I Libro dei Madrigali a 5 voci - Ut Musica Poësis Ensemble Director: Stefano Bozolo TC.571803 2001
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- | : Canti di Salomone a 3 parti - Sonata e Salmi di Henry Purcell - Mottetto di André Campra - Ensemble Hypothesis Director: Leopoldo d'Agostino TC.571804 2003
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- | *''The Songs of Solomon''. Corvina Consort dir. Zoltan Kalmanovits, Hungaroton 2006
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- | *''The Songs of Solomon, Volume 1: Music for the Sabbath.'' Pro Gloria Musicae PGM 108
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- | *''The Songs of Solomon, Volume 2: Holiday and festival music'' Jewish sacred music from 17th-century Italy by Salamone Rossi, [[New York Baroque]]; dir. [[Eric Milnes]]. Troy, NY; Dorian, 2001
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- | *''The Song of Solomon'' [http://www.quintaprofeti.com Profeti della Quinta], Ensemble Muscadin, PAN Classics, Switzerland (2009) - libretto with Hebrew texts.
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- | *''Salamone Rossi Hebreo'' Boston Early Music. dir. Prof. Joshua R. Jacobson
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- | *''Salomone Rossi - Illumine Our Hearts'' Sursum Corda. MSR Classics. 2010-02-09
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- | '''on collections'''
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- | *''Musique judéo-baroque''. [[Boston Camerata]], dir. [[Joel Cohen]]
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- | *''Jewish Baroque Music'' of Rossi, Lidarti, Caceres. [http://www.ensemblesalomonerossi.it Ensemble Salomone Rossi]. Concerto CTO 2009
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- | {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
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- | | NAME = Rossi, Salamone
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- | | ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
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- | | SHORT DESCRIPTION =
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- | | DATE OF BIRTH =
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- | | PLACE OF BIRTH =
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- | | DATE OF DEATH = 1630
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- | | PLACE OF DEATH =
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- | }}
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- | {{DEFAULTSORT:Rossi, Salamone}}
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- | [[Category:1570s births]]
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- | [[Category:1630 deaths]]
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- | [[Category:Renaissance composers]]
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- | [[Category:Baroque composers]]
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- | [[Category:Italian composers]]
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- | [[Category:Jewish classical musicians]]
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- | [[Category:Jewish composers and songwriters]]
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- | [[Category:Jewish musicians]]
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- | [[Category:Italian Jews]]
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