Фрай, Вариан

Вы находитесь на сайте "Архив статей из ЭЕЭ и статей на еврейские темы из Википедии"

(Различия между версиями)
Перейти к: навигация, поиск
(Новая страница: «{{О_статье| ТИП СТАТЬИ = 4 | АВТОР1 = | АВТОР2 = | АВТОР3 = | СУПЕРВАЙЗЕР = | ПРОЕКТ = | ПОДТЕМА = | К…»)
Строка 11: Строка 11:
| ВИКИПЕДИЯ =
| ВИКИПЕДИЯ =
| НЕОДНОЗНАЧНОСТЬ  =
| НЕОДНОЗНАЧНОСТЬ  =
-
}}'''Вариан Фрай''' (англ. Varian Fry) ({{датарождения|15|10|1907}}, [[Нью-Йорк]], [[США]] — {{датасмерти|13|9|1967}}, [[Реддинг]], США) — американский журналист, который руководил в годы [[Вторая мировая война|Второй мировой войны]] спасением беженцев из оккупированной немцами [[Франция|Франции]].
+
}}
 +
[[Image:Davenport-Fry.jpg|thumb|right|Вариан Фрай и [[Дэйвенпорт, Мириам|Мириам Дэйвенпорт]], 1940 год]]
 +
'''Вариан Фрай''' (англ. Varian Fry) ({{датарождения|15|10|1907}}, [[Нью-Йорк]], [[США]] — {{датасмерти|13|9|1967}}, [[Реддинг]], США) — американский журналист, который руководил в годы [[Вторая мировая война|Второй мировой войны]] спасением беженцев из оккупированной немцами [[Франция|Франции]].
Созданная им подпольная сеть в [[Марсель|Марселе]] помогла спасти около 2 000 евреев и антифашистов. Среди спасённых им были такие известные впоследствии люди как [[Ханна Арендт]], [[Ханс Арп]], [[Ханс Беллмер]], [[Андре Бретон]], [[Марк Шагал]], [[Марсель Дюшамп]], [[Макс Эрнст]], [[Лион Фейхтвангер]], [[Ванда Ландовска]], [[Жак Липшиц]], [[Альма Малер|Альма Малер Гропиус Верфель]], [[Голо Манн]], [[Генрих Манн]], [[Андре Массон]], [[Роберто Матта]], [[Виктор Серж]], [[Фердинанд Шпрингер]], [[Франц Верфель]], [[Курт Вольф]] и многие другие.
Созданная им подпольная сеть в [[Марсель|Марселе]] помогла спасти около 2 000 евреев и антифашистов. Среди спасённых им были такие известные впоследствии люди как [[Ханна Арендт]], [[Ханс Арп]], [[Ханс Беллмер]], [[Андре Бретон]], [[Марк Шагал]], [[Марсель Дюшамп]], [[Макс Эрнст]], [[Лион Фейхтвангер]], [[Ванда Ландовска]], [[Жак Липшиц]], [[Альма Малер|Альма Малер Гропиус Верфель]], [[Голо Манн]], [[Генрих Манн]], [[Андре Массон]], [[Роберто Матта]], [[Виктор Серж]], [[Фердинанд Шпрингер]], [[Франц Верфель]], [[Курт Вольф]] и многие другие.
Строка 43: Строка 45:
[[Категория:Праведники мира]]
[[Категория:Праведники мира]]
   
   
 +
{{WikiCopyRight}}
-
[[da:Varian Fry]]
+
<!--
-
[[de:Varian Fry]]
+
 
-
[[en:Varian Fry]]
+
[[Image:Davenport-Fry.jpg|thumb|right|Varian Fry and [[Miriam Davenport]], c.1940]]
-
[[es:Varian Fry]]
+
'''Varian Mackey Fry''' (October 15, 1907 &ndash; September 13, 1967) was an American journalist. Fry ran a rescue network in [[Vichy France]] that helped approximately 2,000 to 4,000 [[anti-Nazi]] and [[Jew]]ish refugees to escape [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[Holocaust]].
-
[[fr:Varian Fry]]
+
 
-
[[he:וריאן פריי]]
+
==Early life==
-
[[it:Varian Fry]]
+
Varian Fry was educated at Hotchkiss and [[Taft School]] and [[Harvard University]]. He founded ''[[Hound & Horn]]'', an influential literary quarterly, in 1927 with [[Lincoln Kirstein]] while a Harvard undergraduate. He married Kirstein's sister, Eileen.
-
[[la:Varian Fry]]
+
 
-
[[nl:Varian Fry]]
+
While working as a [[foreign correspondent]] for the American journal ''The Living Age'', Fry visited [[Berlin]] in 1935 and personally witnessed [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] abuse against Jews on more than one occasion and wanted to help.
-
[[pl:Varian Fry]]
+
 
-
[[uk:Варіан Фрай]]{{WikiCopyRight}}[[Категория:требует категоризации]]
+
Greatly disturbed by what he saw, he helped raise money to support [[Europe]]an anti-Nazi movements. Following the [[occupation of France]] in August 1940, he went to [[Marseille]] as an agent of the newly formed Emergency Rescue Committee in an effort to help persons wishing to flee the Nazis.<ref>[http://terencerenaud.com/erc.htm The Genesis of the Emergency Rescue Committee], Terence Renaud, 2005</ref><ref>[http://terencerenaud.com/The_Politics_of_the_ERC_FINAL.htm Karl B. Frank and the Politics of the Emergency Rescue Committee], Terence Renaud, 2008</ref> Fry had $3,000 and a short list of refugees under imminent threat of arrest by agents of the [[Gestapo]]. Clamoring at his door came anti-Nazi writers, [[avant-garde]] artists, musicians and hundreds of others desperately seeking any chance to escape France.<ref>[http://www.holocaust-trc.org/fry.htm retrieved online February 15, 2008]</ref>
 +
 
 +
Some later confessed they thought it a miracle that a White American Protestant would risk everything to help them. <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Mh2xLw9iyiMC&pg=PA36&dq=%22varian+fry%22+presbyterian&hl=en&ei=bwfkTeSKCZGgsQOinYwW&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=protestant&f=false Sheila Isenbergp. ''A Hero of Our Own: The Story of Varian Fry'' p.36]</ref>
 +
 
 +
==Emergency Rescue Committee==
 +
Beginning in 1940, in Marseille, despite the watchful eye of the collaborationist [[Vichy regime]], he and a small group of volunteers hid people at the Villa Air-Bel until they could be smuggled out. More than 2,200 people were taken across the border to Spain and then to the safety of neutral [[Portugal]] from which they made their way to the [[United States]].
 +
 
 +
Others he helped escape on ships leaving Marseille for the French colony of [[Martinique]], from which they too could go to the United States. Among Fry's closest associates were Americans [[Miriam Davenport]], a former art student at the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]], and the heiress [[Mary Jayne Gold]], a lover of the arts and the "good life" who had come to [[Paris]] in the early 1930s.
 +
 
 +
When the Nazis seized France in 1940, Gold went to Marseille, where she worked with Fry and helped finance his operation. Also working with Fry was a young academic named [[Albert O. Hirschman]], who eventually went on to a distinguished career in America.
 +
 
 +
Especially instrumental in getting Fry the [[visa (document)|visa]]s he needed for the artists, intellectuals and [[political dissident]]s on his list was [[Hiram Bingham IV]], an American [[Vice Consul]] in Marseille who fought against [[United States Department of State|State Department]] [[anti-Semitism]] and was personally responsible for issuing thousands of visas, both legal and illegal.
 +
 
 +
From his isolated position in Marseille, Varian Fry relied on the [[Unitarian Service Committee]] in Lisbon to help the refugees he sent. This office, staffed by American Unitarians under the direction of [[Robert Dexter]], helped refugees to wait in safety for visas and other necessary papers, and to gain ship passage from Lisbon.<ref>Susan Elisabeth Subak, Rescue and Flight: American Relief Workers who Defied the Nazis, University of Nebraska Press, 2010.</ref>
 +
 
 +
Among those Fry aided were:
 +
{{col-begin}}
 +
{{col-4}}
 +
*[[Hannah Arendt]]
 +
*[[Jean Arp]]
 +
*[[Hans Aufricht]]
 +
*[[Hans Bellmer]]
 +
*[[Georg Bernhard]]
 +
*[[Victor Brauner]]
 +
*[[André Breton]]
 +
*[[Camille Bryen]]
 +
*[[De Castro]]
 +
*[[Marc Chagall]]
 +
*[[Frédéric Delanglade]]
 +
*[[Óscar Domínguez]]
 +
*[[Marcel Duchamp]]
 +
*[[Heinrich Ehrmann]]
 +
*[[Max Ernst]]
 +
*[[Edvard Fendler]]
 +
*[[Lion Feuchtwanger]]
 +
{{col-4}}
 +
*[[Leonard Frank]]
 +
*[[Giuseppe Garetto]]
 +
*[[Oscar Goldberg]]
 +
*[[Emil S. Gumbel]]
 +
*[[Hans Habe]]
 +
*[[Jacques-Salomon Hadamard]]
 +
*[[Konrad Heiden]]
 +
*[[Jacques Hérold]]
 +
*[[Wilhelm Herzog]]
 +
*[[Erich Itor-Kahn]]
 +
*[[Berthold Jacob]]
 +
*[[Henry Jolles|Heinz Jolles]]
 +
*[[Siegfried Kracauer]]
 +
*[[Wifredo Lam]]
 +
*[[Jacqueline Lamba]]
 +
*[[Wanda Landowska]]
 +
*[[Lotte Leonard]]
 +
{{col-4}}
 +
*[[Jacques Lipchitz]]
 +
*[[Alberto Magnelli]]
 +
*[[Alma Mahler|Alma Mahler Gropius Werfel]]
 +
*[[Jean Malaquais]]
 +
*[[Golo Mann]]
 +
*[[Heinrich Mann]]
 +
*[[Valeriu Marcu]]
 +
*[[André Masson]]
 +
*[[Roberto Matta]]
 +
*[[Walter Mehring]]
 +
*[[Alfredo Mendizabel]]
 +
*[[Otto Meyerhof]]
 +
*[[Boris Mirkine-Guetzevitch]]
 +
*[[Hans Namuth]]
 +
*[[Hans Natonek]]
 +
*[[Ernst-Erich Noth]]
 +
*[[Max Ophüls]]
 +
{{col-4}}
 +
*[[Hertha Pauli]]
 +
*[[Benjamin Péret]]
 +
*[[Alfred Polgar]]
 +
*[[Poliakoff-Litovzeff]]
 +
*[[Peter Pringsheim]]
 +
*[[Denise Restout]]
 +
*[[Hans Sahl]]
 +
*[[Jacques Schiffrin]]
 +
*[[Anna Seghers]]
 +
*[[Victor Serge]]
 +
*[[Ferdinand Springer]]
 +
*[[Bruno Strauss]]
 +
*[[Sophie Taeuber]]
 +
*[[Franz Werfel]]
 +
*[[Kurt Wolff]] and [[Helen Wolff]]
 +
*[[Wols]]
 +
*[[Ylla]]
 +
{{col-end}}
 +
 
 +
In 1942, the Emergency Rescue Committee and the American branch of the European-based International Relief Association joined forces under the name the International Relief and Rescue Committee, which was later shortened to the [[International Rescue Committee]] (IRC). The IRC is a leading nonsectarian, nongovernmental international relief and development organization that still operates today.
 +
 
 +
Back home in the United States, Fry published his book in 1945 about his time in France under the title ''[[Surrender on Demand]]''. In 1968, the US publisher [[Scholastic Press|Scholastic]] (which markets mainly to children and adolescents) published a paperback edition under the title ''Assignment: Rescue'', and subsequent reprints have appeared under both of the above titles.
 +
 
 +
He wrote and spoke critically against U.S. immigration policies particularly relating to the issue of the fate of Jews in Europe. In a December 1942 issue of ''[[The New Republic]]'', he wrote a scathing article titled: "The Massacre of Jews in Europe".
 +
 
 +
Although by 1942 Fry had been terminated from his position at the Emergency Rescue Committee, American private rescuers acknowledged that his program in France had been uniquely effective, and recruited Fry in 1944 to provide behind-the-scenes guidance to the Roosevelt administration's late-breaking rescue program, the [[War Refugee Board]].<ref>Susan Elisabeth Subak, Rescue and Flight: American Relief Workers who Defied the Nazis, University of Nebraska Press, 2010.</ref>
 +
 
 +
== Legacy ==
 +
 
 +
In 1967, the government of France recognized his contribution to freedom with the [[Légion d'honneur|Legion of Honor]]. Mary Jayne Gold's 1980 book titled ''Crossroads Marseilles 1940'' sparked an interest in Fry and his heroic efforts.
 +
 
 +
Known as the ''American [[Oskar Schindler|Schindler]],'' in 1995 Varian Fry became the first United States citizen to be listed in the [[Righteous among the Nations]] at Israel's national [[Holocaust Memorial]], [[Yad Vashem]] (in 2006, fellow Americans [[Waitstill Sharp]] and [[Martha Sharp]] were added to the list). He was awarded the additional honor of "Commemorative Citizenship of the State of Israel" on 1 January 1998.
 +
 
 +
On the initiative of Samuel V. Brock, the U.S. [[Consul General]] in Marseille from 1999 to 2002, the square in front of the Consulate was renamed ''Place Varian Fry''. A street in the newly reconstructed East/West Berlin Wall area in the Berlin borough of Mitte at Potsdamer Platz was named ''Varian-Fry-Straße'' in recognition of his work. In 2005, a street in his home town of [[Ridgewood, New Jersey]] was renamed ''Varian Fry Way''.<ref>[http://www.jstandard.com/articles/1169/4/VARIAN-FRY:-the-artists%92-Schindler Jewish Standard VARIAN FRY: the artists’ Schindler<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 +
 
 +
In 1997, Irish film director David Kerr made a documentary entitled ''Varian Fry: The America's Schindler'' that was narrated by actor [[Sean Barrett]]. Fry's story was also told in dramatic form on film in 2001 when [[Barbra Streisand]] co-produced the made-for-television motion picture, ''[http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0245540/ Varian's War]'', written and directed by [[Lionel Chetwynd]] and starring [[William Hurt]] and [[Julia Ormond]].
 +
 
 +
==See also==
 +
*[[Charles Fernley Fawcett]]
 +
*[[Chiune Sugihara]]
 +
*[[List of Righteous among the Nations by country]]
 +
 
 +
==Bibliography==
 +
* Fry, Varian, ''Surrender on Demand,'' first published by [[Random House]], 1945.  Later edition published by Johnson Books, in 1997 in conjunction with the [[U.S. Holocaust Museum]].
 +
* Grunwald-Spier, Agnes, ''The Other Schindlers: Why Some People Chose to Save Jews in the Holocaust'', The History Press, 2010. ISBN 978 07524 5706 2
 +
* Isenberg, Sheila, "A Hero of Our Own", ([[Random House]] 2001), is a comprehensive and well-written biography of Fry's life.
 +
* Jaffee McCabe, Cynthia, ''"Wanted by the Gestapo: Saved by America &ndash; Varian Fry and the [[Emergency Rescue Committee]]"'' 79-91 in Jarrell C. Jackman (editor) and Carla M. Borden (editor) ''The Musses Flee Hitler: Cultural Transfer and Adaptation 1930-1945'' ([[Smithsonian]], 1983)
 +
* Marino, Andy , ''A Quiet American: The Secret War of Varian Fry'',
 +
** St. Martin’s Press, 1999, 403 pp. ([http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3493201.html review])
 +
** Macmillan, 2000, 416 pp., ,ISBN 0312267673
 +
* Richards, Tad , ''The Virgil Directive,'' a novel, ([[Fawcett]], 1982) was based on Fry's work in [[Marseilles]].
 +
* Subak, Susan Elisabeth, ''Rescue and Flight: American Relief Workers who Defied the Nazis'', University of Nebraska Press, 2010, 342 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Rescue-Flight-American-Relief-Workers/dp/0803225253]
 +
* [[Rosemary Sullivan|Sullivan, Rosemary]], ''Villa Air-Bel,'' An account of Fry's work set in its political and historical context, published in 2006 by [[HarperCollins]].
 +
 
 +
==References==
 +
{{reflist}}
 +
{{refbegin}}
 +
{{refend}}
 +
 
 +
==External links==
 +
*[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005740] Article about Fry at the US Holocaust Museum
 +
*[http://www.varianfry.org Varian Fry Institute]
 +
*[http://isurvived.org/VarianFry-TRIBUTE.html A Tribute to Varian Fry] from Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project
 +
*[http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/fry.html online biography retrieved Feb. 15, 2008]
 +
*[http://carlamcclafferty.com/in_defiance_of_hitler__the_secret_mission_of_varian_fry_69670.htm Award-winning biography for young readers. IN DEFIANCE OF HITLER: The Secret Mission of Varian Fry]
 +
 
 +
-->

Версия 13:28, 3 сентября 2011

Тип статьи: Текст унаследован из Википедии
Файл:Davenport-Fry.jpg
Вариан Фрай и Мириам Дэйвенпорт, 1940 год

Вариан Фрай (англ. Varian Fry) (15 октября 1907(19071015), Нью-Йорк, США — 13 сентября 1967, Реддинг, США) — американский журналист, который руководил в годы Второй мировой войны спасением беженцев из оккупированной немцами Франции.

Созданная им подпольная сеть в Марселе помогла спасти около 2 000 евреев и антифашистов. Среди спасённых им были такие известные впоследствии люди как Ханна Арендт, Ханс Арп, Ханс Беллмер, Андре Бретон, Марк Шагал, Марсель Дюшамп, Макс Эрнст, Лион Фейхтвангер, Ванда Ландовска, Жак Липшиц, Альма Малер Гропиус Верфель, Голо Манн, Генрих Манн, Андре Массон, Роберто Матта, Виктор Серж, Фердинанд Шпрингер, Франц Верфель, Курт Вольф и многие другие.

Его группа переводила людей через Пиренеи в Испании либо во французские колонии.

В 1941 его арестовала французская (вишистская) полиция и депортировали в США.

В 1995 году посмертно награжден (одним из первых американских граждан), вместе с Раулем Валленбергом и Оскаром Шиндлером, медалью Праведника мира.

Содержание

Образ Вариана Фрая в кино

В 2001 году снят фильм Список Вариана «Varian’s War», где Вариана Фрая сыграл Уильям Херт (William Hurt). В фильме также снимаются Джулия Ормонд (Julia Ormond) и Matt Craven (Мэтт Крейвен).

Ссылки

Литература

  • Varian Fry, Surrender on Demand, first published by Random House, 1945. Later edition published by Johnson Books, in 1997 in conjunction with the U.S. Holocaust Museum.
  • Cynthia Jaffee McCabe, «Wanted by the Gestapo: Saved by America — Varian Fry and the Emergency Rescue Committee» 79-91 in Jarrell C. Jackman (editor) and Carla M. Borden (editor) The Musses Flee Hitler: Cultural Transfer and Adaptation 1930—1945 (Smithsonian, 1983)
  • Rosemary Sullivan, Villa Air-Bel, The most comprehensive account of Fry’s work set in its political and historical context, published in 2006 by HarperCollins.
  • Sheila Isenberg, «A Hero of Our Own», (Random House, 2001), is a comprehensive and well-written biography of Fry’s life.
  • Tad Richards, The Virgil Directive, a novel, (Fawcett, 1982) was based on Fry’s work in Marseilles.

Уведомление: Предварительной основой данной статьи была аналогичная статья в http://ru.wikipedia.org, на условиях CC-BY-SA, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0, которая в дальнейшем изменялась, исправлялась и редактировалась.

]</ref>

In 1997, Irish film director David Kerr made a documentary entitled Varian Fry: The America's Schindler that was narrated by actor Sean Barrett. Fry's story was also told in dramatic form on film in 2001 when Barbra Streisand co-produced the made-for-television motion picture, Varian's War, written and directed by Lionel Chetwynd and starring William Hurt and Julia Ormond.

See also

  • Charles Fernley Fawcett
  • Chiune Sugihara
  • List of Righteous among the Nations by country

Bibliography

  • Fry, Varian, Surrender on Demand, first published by Random House, 1945. Later edition published by Johnson Books, in 1997 in conjunction with the U.S. Holocaust Museum.
  • Grunwald-Spier, Agnes, The Other Schindlers: Why Some People Chose to Save Jews in the Holocaust, The History Press, 2010. ISBN 978 07524 5706 2
  • Isenberg, Sheila, "A Hero of Our Own", (Random House 2001), is a comprehensive and well-written biography of Fry's life.
  • Jaffee McCabe, Cynthia, "Wanted by the Gestapo: Saved by America – Varian Fry and the Emergency Rescue Committee" 79-91 in Jarrell C. Jackman (editor) and Carla M. Borden (editor) The Musses Flee Hitler: Cultural Transfer and Adaptation 1930-1945 (Smithsonian, 1983)
  • Marino, Andy , A Quiet American: The Secret War of Varian Fry,
  • Richards, Tad , The Virgil Directive, a novel, (Fawcett, 1982) was based on Fry's work in Marseilles.
  • Subak, Susan Elisabeth, Rescue and Flight: American Relief Workers who Defied the Nazis, University of Nebraska Press, 2010, 342 pp. [1]
  • Sullivan, Rosemary, Villa Air-Bel, An account of Fry's work set in its political and historical context, published in 2006 by HarperCollins.

References

External links

-->

Источник — «http://www.jearc.info/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD»
Личные инструменты
 

Шаблон:Ежевика:Рубрики

Навигация